“…During the COVID-19 pandemic, several research reports and review reports agreed on the problem of unpreparedness for e-learning due to a lack of competence in using digital technology to use e-learning systems (Almaiah et al, 2020;Helm, Huber, & Loisinger, 2021;Pokhrel & Chhetri, 2021;Toquero, 2020). The unpreparedness of the students was identified through their low media information, lack of familiarity with learning management systems, lack of understanding of the supporting equipment needed, limited accessibility and a crisis of attitudes and ethics in the use of digital technology (Astuti et al, 2022;Mutohhari, Sutiman, Nurtanto, Kholifah, & Samsudin, 2021;Sutiman, Sofyan, Soenarto, Mutohhari, & Nurtanto, 2022). In line with this, other studies also identified students' lack of experience in using technology and supporting equipment to support e-learning, thus requiring competency development in that direction (Daniel, 2020).…”