Differentiation ofBacillus anthracisand other âBacillus cereusgroupâ bacteria using IS231-derived sequences

Henderson, Ian; Dongzheng, Yu; Turnbull, P. C. B.

doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07509.x

Cited by 50 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Numerous studies have demonstrated the lack of molecular polymorphism within B. anthracis , which complicates efforts to subtype it [3,17-19]. The widely used molecular methods, such as Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multiple-locus sequence typing (MLST), often do not distinguish among closely related species, and many strains within a species show identical patterns (e.g., Bacillus cereus and B. anthracis ) [3,20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic characterization of Bacillus anthracis in Guizhou Province, Southwest of China

Chen

et al. 2015

BMC Microbiol

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BackgroundBacillus (B.) anthracis is the pathogen that causes fatal anthrax. Guizhou Province is an old foci of anthrax in the southwest of China. Human anthrax has also been frequently reported in Guizhou in recent year. However, there is limited information on the genetic background of local B. anthracis isolates in Guizhou Province. Strain-specific detection of this bacterium using molecular approaches has enhanced our knowledge of microbial genetics. In the present study, we employed Multiple Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTR) Analysis (MLVA) assay to analyze the genetic characteristics of B. anthracis strains isolated in Guizhou Province and their relationships to worldwide distributed isolates.ResultsA total of 32 isolates of B. anthracis from soil, human, cattle, dog and water of different anthrax epidemics in Guizhou Province from 2006 to 2011 were confirmed with phage lysis test, penicillin inhibition test and PCR. MLVA-8 discriminated them into 28 unique MLVA types (MT G1 - G28), which were novel MTs compared with the previous reports. Cluster tree based on 32 isolates from Guizhou Province and 76 worldwide distributed isolates (30 MTs) showed they were divided into three clusters, designated A, B and C. All the 32 isolates were distributed in cluster A, which were further grouped into A1, A2, A3 and A4 sub-clusters.32 isolates from Guizhou Province were closely grouped in each of the sub-clusters, respectively. Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) based on the MLVA data showed that the 28 MLVA profiles of isolates from Guizhou Province and 30 MLVA profiles of worldwide distributed isolates formed three clonal complexes (CCs) and ten singletons.Conclusions28 novel MTs of B. anthracis from Guizhou were revealed and their relationships to worldwide isolates were showed. The results will provide important information for prevention of anthrax and also enhances our understanding of genetic characteristics of B. anthracis in China.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic characterization of Bacillus anthracis in Guizhou Province, Southwest of China

Chen

et al. 2015

BMC Microbiol

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“…B. anthracis has a high genomic similarity to B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, and B. mycoides. 4 Because of horizontal gene transfer, B. anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis have even been suggested to be one species. 5 B. anthracis is present in two forms: vegetative cells and spores.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bacillus anthracis , the causative agent of anthrax, is a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium. B. anthracis has a high genomic similarity to B. cereus , B. thuringiensis , and B. mycoides . Because of horizontal gene transfer, B. anthracis , B. cereus , and B. thuringiensis have even been suggested to be one species…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosensors for the Detection of Bacillus anthracis

Wang

Cui

et al. 2021

Acc. Chem. Res.

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Conspectus Bacillus anthracis, present in two forms of vegetative cells and spores, is a pathogen that infects humans through contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products and is also maliciously used in terrorist acts. Therefore, a rapid and sensitive test for B. anthracis is necessary but challenging. The challenge comes from the following aspects: an accurate distinction of B. anthracis from other Bacillus species due to their high genomic similarity and the horizontal gene transfer between Bacillus members; direct detection of the B. anthracis spores without damaging them for component extraction to avoid the risk of spore atomization; and the rapid detections of B. anthracis in complex samples, such as soil and suspicious powders, without sample pretreatments and expensive large-scale equipment. Although culturing B. anthracis from samples is the conventional method for the detection of B. anthracis, it is time-consuming and the detection results would not be easy to interpret because many Bacillus species share similar phenotypic features such as a lack of motility and hemolysis, resistance to gamma phages, and so on. Intensive and extensive effort has been expended to develop reliable detection technologies, among which biosensors exhibit comprehensive advantages in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and portability. Here, we briefly review the research progress, providing highlights of the latest achievements and our own practice and experience. The contents can be summarized in three aspects: the discovery of detection targets, including genes, toxins, and other components; the creation of molecular recognition elements, such as monoclonal antibodies, single-chain antibody fragments, specific peptides, and aptamers; and the design and construction of biosensing systems by the integration of appropriate molecular recognition elements and transducer devices. These sensor devices have their own characteristics and different principles. For example, the surface plasmon resonance biosensor and quartz crystal microbalance biosensor are very sensitive, while the multiplex PCR-on-a-chip can detect multitargets. Biosensors for direct spore detection are highly recommended because they are not only fast but also avoid contamination from aerosol-containing spores. The introduction of nanotechnology has significantly improved the performance of biosensors. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles and phage-displayed gold nanoparticle ligand peptides have made the results of spore detection visible to the naked eye. Because of space constraints, many advanced biosensors for B. anthracis are not described in detail but are cited as references. Although biosensors provide a variety of options for various application scenarios, the challenges have not been fully addressed, which leaves room for the development of more advanced and practical B. anthracis detection means.

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“…Due to the insecticidal properties of Bt , products based on Bt toxins have been well recognized for the biological control of insect pests in forestry and agriculture for decades [4]. For Bt , the production of insecticidal crystal inclusion inside the cell during sporulation, is controlled by cry genes, which are usually located on the plasmid [5]. Many Cry toxins have been characterized and classified according to the nomenclature of Crickmore et al [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Correlation of the Presence and Expression Levels of cry Genes with the Insecticidal Activities against Plutella xylostella for Bacillus thuringiensis Strains

Chen

Pang

et al. 2014

Toxins

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The use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains with high insecticidal activity is essential for the preparation of bioinsecticide. In this study, for 60 Bt strains isolated in Taiwan, their genotypes and the correlation of some cry genes as well as the expression levels of cry1 genes, with their insecticidal activities against Plutella xylostella, were investigated. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) results revealed that the genotypes of these Bt strains are highly diversified. Also, a considerable number of the Bt strains isolated in Taiwan were found to have high insecticidal activities. Since strains that showed individual combined patterns of PFGE and RAPD exhibited distinct insecticidal activities against P. xylostella, thus, these genotypes may be useful for the identification of the new Bt strains and those which have been used in bioinsecticides. In addition, although the presence of cry2Aa1 may have a greater effect on the insecticidal activity of Bt strains in bioassay than other cry genes, only high expression level of cry1 genes plays a key role to determine the insecticidal activity of Bt strains. In conclusion, both RAPD and PFGE are effective in the differentiation of Bt strains. The presence of cry2Aa1 and, especially, the expression level of cry1 genes are useful for the prediction of the insecticidal activities of Bt strains against P. xylostella.

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Differentiation ofBacillus anthracisand other âBacillus cereusgroupâ bacteria using IS231-derived sequences

Cited by 50 publications

References 10 publications

Genetic characterization of Bacillus anthracis in Guizhou Province, Southwest of China

Genetic characterization of Bacillus anthracis in Guizhou Province, Southwest of China

Biosensors for the Detection of Bacillus anthracis

The Correlation of the Presence and Expression Levels of cry Genes with the Insecticidal Activities against Plutella xylostella for Bacillus thuringiensis Strains

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Differentiation ofBacillus anthracisand other âBacillus cereusgroupâ bacteria using IS231-derived sequences

Cited by 50 publications

References 10 publications

Genetic characterization of Bacillus anthracis in Guizhou Province, Southwest of China

Genetic characterization of Bacillus anthracis in Guizhou Province, Southwest of China

Biosensors for the Detection of Bacillus anthracis

The Correlation of the Presence and Expression Levels of cry Genes with the Insecticidal Activities against Plutella xylostella for Bacillus thuringiensis Strains

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Differentiation ofBacillus anthracisand other âBacillus cereusgroupâ bacteria using IS231-derived sequences