Differentiation between fiber and drug types of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) from a collection of wild and domesticated accessions

Piluzza, Giovanna; Delogu, Giovanna; Cabras, Antonietta; Marceddu, Salvatore; Bullitta, S.

doi:10.1007/s10722-013-0001-5

Cited by 80 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Anyway, due to the different nature of markers used (AFLPs) and low number of variaties used, the results may not be comparable to ours. Piluzza et al (2013) also performed an AMOVA with AFLP data of 19 cultivars of Cannabis using two bulks of ten plants per cultivar, which obviously reduces the estimate of intra-accession diversity. Even under these conditions the intra-varietal component of variation was of 26%.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic structure of Cannabis sativa var. indica cultivars based on genomic SSR (gSSR) markers: Implications for breeding and germplasm management

Soler

Gramazio

Figàs

et al. 2017

Industrial Crops and Products

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Cannabis sativa L. is cultivated for its fiber or seeds (var. sativa; hemp), or for its high content in cannabinoids (var. indica; marijuana). Knowledge of the genetic structure of C. sativa var. indica is important for selection and breeding of cultivars with medicinal interest. We used six genomic SSRs (gSSRs) for genotyping 154 individual plants of 20 cultivars of C. sativa var. indica, plus two cultivars of C. sativa var. sativa. A very high polymorphism was observed, with an average of 17 alleles and 23.8 genotypes per locus. Expected (He) and observed (Ho) heterozygosities were high, with average values of 0.753 and 0.429, respectively. In some cultivars He and Ho presented similar values, while in others He was considerably higher than Ho suggesting that consanguinity and fixation had taken place during its development. In addition, some cultivars had a reduced number of alleles per locus (in some cases only two) indicating that a genetic bottleneck had taken place during its development. Gene flow (Nm) between both botanical varieties was high, with Nm=1.736. The molecular analysis of variance (AMOVA) revealed that only 31.94% of the molecular variation observed was caused by differences among cultivars, while the variation among plants of the same cultivar was of 37.11%, and within individual variation, due to heterozygosity, was of 30.96%. This indicates that a large variation exists within cultivars, which can be exploited for selection, but also complicates germplasm management and regeneration. The population structure analysis identified 14 genetic clusters, with most individuals of a single cultivar clustering together. This analysis, together with UPGMA cluster analysis shows that the two C. sativa var. sativa cultivars studied are differentiated from C. sativa var. indica, and that some cultivars of C. sativa var. indica seem to represent different selections from a common original cultivar. Our results represent the first comprehensive study of intra-3 varietal diversity in C. sativa var. indica and provide information of relevance for selection, breeding, and germplasm conservation, as well as for forensic studies in this crop.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic structure of Cannabis sativa var. indica cultivars based on genomic SSR (gSSR) markers: Implications for breeding and germplasm management

Soler

Gramazio

Figàs

et al. 2017

Industrial Crops and Products

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“…Landraces of South Asian heritage segregated from Central Asian landraces in an allozyme analysis (Hillig 2005a) and cpDNA haplotype study (Gilmore et al 2007). "Sativa" and "Indica" were segregated with STR loci (Knight et al 2010), RAPD markers (Piluzza et al 2013), and nDNA SNP haplotypes (Henry 2015;Lynch et al 2016). Other studies showed little or no genetic differences between "Sativa" and "Indica" (Sawler et al 2015;Dufresnes et al 2017), or their phenotypes matched poorly with their purported genotypes (Schwabe and McGlaughlin 2018).…”

Section: Taxonomic Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A classification of endangered high-THC cannabis (Cannabis sativa subsp. indica) domesticates and their wild relatives

McPartland

Small

2020

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Two kinds of drug-type Cannabis gained layman’s terms in the 1980s. “Sativa” had origins in South Asia (India), with early historical dissemination to Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Americas. “Indica” had origins in Central Asia (Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkestan). We have assigned unambiguous taxonomic names to these varieties, after examining morphological characters in 1100 herbarium specimens, and analyzing phytochemical and genetic data from the literature in a meta-analysis. “Sativa” and “Indica” are recognized as C. sativa subsp. indica var. indica and C. sativa subsp. indica var. afghanica, respectively. Their wild-growing relatives are C. sativa subsp. indica var. himalayensis (in South Asia), and C. sativa subsp. indica var. asperrima (in Central Asia). Natural selection initiated divergence, driven by climatic conditions in South and Central Asia. Subsequent domestication drove further phytochemical divergence. South and Central Asian domesticates can be distinguished by tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol content (THC/CBD ratios, ≥7 or <7, respectively), terpenoid profiles (absence or presence of sesquiterpene alcohols), and a suite of morphological characters. The two domesticates have undergone widespread introgressive hybridization in the past 50 years. This has obliterated differences between hybridized “Sativa” and “Indica” currently available. “Strains” alleged to represent “Sativa” and “Indica” are usually based on THC/CBD ratios of plants with undocumented hybrid backgrounds (with so-called “Indicas” often delimited simply on possession of more CBD than “Sativas”). The classification presented here circumscribes and names four taxa of Cannabis that represent critically endangered reservoirs of germplasm from which modern cannabinoid strains originated, and which are in urgent need of conservation.

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“…Interestingly, except for RI ( indica / ruderalis hybrid), all drug varieties closely-related to hemps are of sativa ancestry (HMW, HA, SWA, MS; based on available information from suppliers). This would support the common assumption that hemp varieties selected for fibre and seed production derived from sativa , although this view has been challenged by other studies that found more similarities between hemp and indica [7, 23, 36]. Alternatively, sativa drugs, which are nowadays distributed in more equatorial regions, may be frequently crossbred with indica and agricultural varieties to facilitate their cultivation in temperate countries.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Broad-Scale Genetic Diversity of Cannabis for Forensic Applications

Dufresnes

Jan²,

Bienert

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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Cannabis (hemp and marijuana) is an iconic yet controversial crop. On the one hand, it represents a growing market for pharmaceutical and agricultural sectors. On the other hand, plants synthesizing the psychoactive THC produce the most widespread illicit drug in the world. Yet, the difficulty to reliably distinguish between Cannabis varieties based on morphological or biochemical criteria impedes the development of promising industrial programs and hinders the fight against narcotrafficking. Genetics offers an appropriate alternative to characterize drug vs. non-drug Cannabis. However, forensic applications require rapid and affordable genotyping of informative and reliable molecular markers for which a broad-scale reference database, representing both intra- and inter-variety variation, is available. Here we provide such a resource for Cannabis, by genotyping 13 microsatellite loci (STRs) in 1 324 samples selected specifically for fibre (24 hemp varieties) and drug (15 marijuana varieties) production. We showed that these loci are sufficient to capture most of the genome-wide diversity patterns recently revealed by NGS data. We recovered strong genetic structure between marijuana and hemp and demonstrated that anonymous samples can be confidently assigned to either plant types. Fibres appear genetically homogeneous whereas drugs show low (often clonal) diversity within varieties, but very high genetic differentiation between them, likely resulting from breeding practices. Based on an additional test dataset including samples from 41 local police seizures, we showed that the genetic signature of marijuana cultivars could be used to trace crime scene evidence. To date, our study provides the most comprehensive genetic resource for Cannabis forensics worldwide.

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Differentiation between fiber and drug types of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) from a collection of wild and domesticated accessions

Cited by 80 publications

References 33 publications

Genetic structure of Cannabis sativa var. indica cultivars based on genomic SSR (gSSR) markers: Implications for breeding and germplasm management

Genetic structure of Cannabis sativa var. indica cultivars based on genomic SSR (gSSR) markers: Implications for breeding and germplasm management

A classification of endangered high-THC cannabis (Cannabis sativa subsp. indica) domesticates and their wild relatives

Broad-Scale Genetic Diversity of Cannabis for Forensic Applications

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