Differential responses of macrophages to Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium

Chicken Cecum Immune Response toSalmonella entericaSerovars of Different Levels of Invasiveness

“…In vitro studies with avian macrophages additionally showed that avian macrophages are very efficient in bactericidal function against Salmonella (49). Nevertheless, Salmonella organisms are also capable of surviving within macrophages (47,65). In a case where innate immune mechanisms are not sufficient to prevent bacterial multiplication, adaptive and specific immunity is initiated to completely eradicate the invaders.…”

Quantitative studies of the regular distribution pattern for Salmonella enteritidis in the internal organs of mice after oral challenge by a specific real-time polymerase chain reaction

“…Simultaneously, it has been reported that chicken macrophages display differences in their responses to S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium, and contribute to the differential pathogenesis of these Salmonella serovars [42] . Also, it has been reported that S. enteritidis infection induce less inflammation resulting in a more commensal, while S. typhimurium infection can be cleared more rapidly by induction of inflammatory [43,44] . S. enteritidis resulted in increased splenic CD3 and reduced B populations, it was difficult to associate this increase with S. enteritidis clearance due to lack of any significant changes in CD4 + of CD8 + cells [45] .The functions of the spleen and liver in filtration, immune responsiveness and activation of complement have been well documented.…”

Evaluation of respiratory route as a viable portal of entry for Salmonella in poultry

“…S. enterica is also a facultative intracellular pathogen that survives phagocytosis and is able to proliferate in infected host cells within a specific compartment, ie, the Salmonella-containing vacuole. [14][15][16] Pathogenicity islands are genetic elements on the chromosomes of a large number of pathogens and are considered to be a "quantum leap" in the evolution of bacteria. 17 However, the paradigm of pathogenicity islands is broken in some cases.…”

“…Infiltration and subsequent phagocytosis of pathogens, to an extent greater than seen in mammals, might essentially be of advantage to Salmonella, which already has an established intracellular survival mechanism. [14][15][16] It is interesting to note that a rapid change in virulence gene expression occurs during transition from the intestinal lumen into tissue that promotes systemic dissemination of Salmonella under enteric conditions. 130 These rapid changes are considered to be due to various stimuli in the intestinal tract, such as bile and quorum sensing molecules.…”