Differential responses of chimpanzees to social stimulation.

Mason, William A.; Hollis, John H.; Sharpe, Lawrence G.

doi:10.1037/h0045249

Cited by 28 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Previous findings indicated that this was a reasonable expectation (Mason, Hollis, & Sharpe, 1962). In accounting for this negative result, it should be remembered that the hypothesis involved the assumption that arousal effects would carry over from Phase I to Phase 11.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Stereotyped Behaviors of Chimpanzees: Relation to General Arousal and Alternative Activities

Berkson

Mason

1964

Percept Mot Skills

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S~~mn2ary.-Chimpanzees raised without their mothers develop abnormal stereotyped behaviors not found in mother-raised animals. Two studies tested the hypotheses that moment-to-moment fluctuations of stereotyped behaviors are related to the level of general arousal and to the extent to which alternative activities are performed. The first study showed that body rocking or swaying is positively related to white noise level and to food deprivation. In the second experiment, rocking and swaying decreased during habituation to a novel siruation and returned to a high level following administration of amphetamine. Activities alternative to stereotyped movements were evoked in a third experiment and produced 3 decrement in rocking and swaying. In general, the evidence suggests a positive relationship between arousal and rocking and swaying; the relationship of arousal to other stereotyped acts was not as regular. N o behavior in the repertoire of mother-raised animals was found to be homologous to Rock-Sway. The relationship between the various behavior categories studied was related to S's rearing history, momentary arousal level, and the extent to which the cues in the situation evoked the various behaviors.A prominent aspect of the behavior of rhesus monkeys and chimpanzees raised in isolation is the presence of un~zsual stereotyped motor acts not ordinarily found in animals raised with their mothers (Mason & Green, 1962; Davenport & Menzel, 1963). In monkeys the form of these acts is limited mainly to nonnucricive sucking and rhythmic body rocking usually performed in a seated posture, while in chimpanzees a wider range of abnormal acts is observed. The stereotyped movements of chimpanzees include swaying of the body and repetitive head movements as well as rocking in a number of body postures. Limb posturing, thumb sucking, and eye poking also occur. The patterns are highly individoal for different animals [see Davenport and Menzel (1963) for a more complete description].Interest in these behaviors derives from several sources. In the first place, since these stereotyped movements appear almost exclusively in animals reared without mothers, analysis of conditions affecting the development of such behaviors may be expected to illuminate certain aspects of the mother-infant relationships of nonhuman primates. Secondly, the movements are similar in form 'Supported by NIH Grants M-5636 and H-5691. W e ate indebted to Mr. Bert Busbee who did many of the observations. 'Now at the Illinois Srate Pediatric Institute,

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Stereotyped Behaviors of Chimpanzees: Relation to General Arousal and Alternative Activities

Berkson

Mason

1964

Percept Mot Skills

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“…Responding under a PR schedule of reinforcement is a widely used method to measure the motivational properties of rewards (Hodos, 1961;Richardson and Roberts, 1996). In the past, lever pressing for play (with a human experimenter) was demonstrated in chimpanzees (Mason et al, 1962), and T-maze tasks have been used to assess motivational aspects of social play behavior in rats (Humphreys and Einon, 1981;Normansell and Panksepp, 1990). To the best of our knowledge, however, the present study is the first to show that rats are willing to lever press for social play reinforcement.…”

Section: Discussion An Operant Conditioning Task For Social Playmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the incentive motivational properties of social play have only been sporadically investigated in the past (Mason et al, 1962;Humphreys and Einon, 1981;Normansell and Panksepp, 1990). Therefore, in order to be able to measure the motivational properties of social play behavior, we developed an operant conditioning task, in which rats responded for brief periods of social play under a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement (Hodos, 1961;Richardson and Roberts, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting Roles of Dopamine and Noradrenaline in the Motivational Properties of Social Play Behavior in Rats

Achterberg

Kerkhof

Servadio

et al. 2015

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Social play behavior, abundant in the young of most mammalian species, is thought to be important for social and cognitive development. Social play is highly rewarding, and as such, the expression of social play depends on its pleasurable and motivational properties. Since the motivational properties of social play have only sporadically been investigated, we developed a setup in which rats responded for social play under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. Dopaminergic neurotransmission plays a key role in incentive motivational processes, and both dopamine and noradrenaline have been implicated in the modulation of social play behavior. Therefore, we investigated the role of dopamine and noradrenaline in the motivation for social play. Treatment with the psychostimulant drugs methylphenidate and cocaine increased responding for social play, but suppressed its expression during reinforced play periods. The dopamine reuptake inhibitor GBR-12909 increased responding for social play, but did not affect its expression, whereas the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine decreased responding for social play as well as its expression. The effects of methylphenidate and cocaine on responding for social play, but not their play-suppressant effects, were blocked by pretreatment with the dopamine receptor antagonist α-flupenthixol. In contrast, pretreatment with the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist RX821002 prevented the play-suppressant effect of methylphenidate, but left its effect on responding for social play unaltered. In sum, the present study introduces a novel method to study the incentive motivational properties of social play behavior in rats. Using this paradigm, we demonstrate dissociable roles for dopamine and noradrenaline in social play behavior: dopamine stimulates the motivation for social play, whereas noradrenaline negatively modulates the motivation for social play behavior and its expression.

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“…Social play behaviour is rewarding, as shown using place conditioning, operant tasks and T-maze tasks (Mason et al, 1962;Humphreys and Einon, 1981;Calcagnetti and Schechter, 1992; for a review, see Trezza et al, 2011). Importantly, social play behaviour is modulated through neural systems that also mediate the rewarding effects of substances of abuse (Trezza et al, 2010;Siviy and Panksepp, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Early social isolation augments alcohol consumption in rats

Lesscher

Spoelder

Rotte

et al. 2015

Behavioural Pharmacology

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There is a considerable degree of individual vulnerability for alcohol use disorder (AUD) as only a subpopulation of individuals who regularly consume alcohol develop AUD. It is therefore very important to understand the factors and mechanisms that contribute towards the individual risk for AUD. In this respect, social influences, in particular during development, may be relevant for AUD as disruptions in early social experiences are associated with an increased risk for AUD. Social play, the most prominent form of social behaviour shown by young mammals, is rewarding and considered to be important for social, emotional and cognitive development. Recent studies suggest that early social isolation, effectively depriving animals from social play, increases the risk for addictive behaviour. The aim of this study was therefore to explore the long-term consequences of early social isolation on alcohol consumption and motivation for alcohol. To this end, rats were socially isolated from postnatal days 21-42, followed by 4 weeks of social housing, and voluntary alcohol consumption and operant responding for alcohol were determined in adulthood. We observed enhanced levels of alcohol consumption in adulthood in previously isolated rats, whereas operant responding for alcohol was not altered. The impact of early social isolation was independent of the individual variation in alcohol consumption. These data indicate that social isolation, during a developmental period when social play is highly abundant, enhances the propensity to consume alcohol in adulthood. This implies that early social experience may be a protective factor against excessive alcohol use.

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Differential responses of chimpanzees to social stimulation.

Cited by 28 publications

References 9 publications

Stereotyped Behaviors of Chimpanzees: Relation to General Arousal and Alternative Activities

Stereotyped Behaviors of Chimpanzees: Relation to General Arousal and Alternative Activities

Contrasting Roles of Dopamine and Noradrenaline in the Motivational Properties of Social Play Behavior in Rats

Early social isolation augments alcohol consumption in rats

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