Stereotyped Behaviors of Chimpanzees: Relation to General Arousal and Alternative Activities

Berkson, Gershon; Mason, William A.

doi:10.2466/pms.1964.19.2.635

Cited by 86 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Another similarity blurs the division between the two categories: both increase with arousal (Berkson & Mason 1964). For example, both are exhibited in response to a novel environment (Mason & Green 1962;Berkson & Mason 1964) and increase in small cages (Draper & Bernstein 1963).…”

Section: Deprivation and Cage Stereotypiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are exacerbated by amphetamines (e.g. Berkson & Mason 1964;Fitz-Gerald 1967, cited in Lyon & Robbins 1975. They are very difficult to disrupt (Ridley & Baker 1982), and may persist even when the animal is put into a normal environment (e.g.…”

Section: Deprivation and Cage Stereotypiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, both are exhibited in response to a novel environment (Mason & Green 1962;Berkson & Mason 1964) and increase in small cages (Draper & Bernstein 1963). This could suggest some common mechanisms (Berkson 1967).…”

Section: Deprivation and Cage Stereotypiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stress can reinstate the symptoms of amphetamineintoxication in abstinent humans (reported MacLennan & Maier 1983). In the laboratoryhoused chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes, stereotypy is potentiated by hunger (Berkson & Mason 1964) and low levels of stimulation (Berkson 1967). In a range of species, stereotypies increase in rate and frequency on exposure to a novel object or loud noise, or disturbance by a human (e.g.…”

Section: Factors Affecting Stereotypy Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, bank voles perform less stereotypy if moved from a small cage to a bigger and more enriched enclosure (Odberg 1987b). The stereotypies of isolation-reared chimpanzees decrease with arousal-reducing drugs (Fitz-Gerald 1964, cited in Berkson 1967, and in a novel environment stereotypy performance falls as the animal habituates (Berkson & Mason 1964). …”

Section: Factors Affecting Stereotypy Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Stereotypies: a critical review

1991

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Abstract. Stereotypies are repetitive, invariant behaviour patterns with no obvious goal or function. They seem to be restricted to captive animals, mentally ill or handicapped humans, and subjects given stimulant drugs. In this respect they are abnormal, although possibly the product of normal behavioural processes. Stereotypies are often associated with past or present sub-optimal aspects of the environment, and have been used as a welfare indicator. It has been hypothesized that stereotypies have beneficial consequences which reinforce their performance, although other means, such as positive feedback, may equally explain their persistence. Empirical evidence links them with lowered awareness of external events, and reduced arousal and distress. However, as most of this evidence is correlational it remains uncertain that the stereotypies are themselves the cause of coping. Furthermore, they are heterogeneous in source of origin, proximate causation and physical characteristics, and they change over time in important respects, becoming more readily elicited by a wider range of circumstances. Therefore the properties of one stereotypy are not necessarily those of another.

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Section: Deprivation and Cage Stereotypiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Deprivation and Cage Stereotypiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Deprivation and Cage Stereotypiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Factors Affecting Stereotypy Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Factors Affecting Stereotypy Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Stereotypies: a critical review

1991

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Variables influencing the origins of diverse abnormal behaviors in a large sample of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

et al. 1999

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The developmental origin of abnormal behaviors is generally associated with early rearing environments that lack sufficient physical and sensory stimulation. However, other factors should also be considered. A large sample of captive chimpanzees (128 males and 140 females) was surveyed for the presence or absence of 18 abnormal behaviors. Origin variables included the subject's source (zoo, pet, performer, or laboratory), rearing (mother-or hand-reared), and sex. Animals were assessed while held at the Primate Foundation of Arizona, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, or White Sands Research Center. There was a confound among origin variables; more hand-reared animals than expected were from laboratories. Logistic regression tested the relationship of rearing and source, with sex as a secondary predictor variable, to each of the abnormal behaviors. There was no clear association between any abnormal behavior and source. However, for coprophagy, relative to animals from the laboratory, zoo animals tended to show a higher prevalence, while performers tended to show a lower prevalence (when rearing and sex were controlled). Rocking and self-sucking were significantly more likely in hand-reared animals. Coprophagy and depilation of self were significantly more likely in mother-reared animals. When rearing and source were statistically controlled, the only significant sex difference was a higher prevalence of coprophagy in females and a higher prevalence of rocking in males. In a second, smaller sample of 25 males and 33 females from Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, no significant sex association was found for coprophagy, urophagy, rocking, or self-depilation. In this second sample, coprophagy was also significantly more likely in mother-reared than hand-reared subjects. The association of some abnormal behaviors with mother-rearing suggests that some form of social learning may be involved in the origin of some of these behavior patterns. This indicates that some abnormal behaviors may not be always be indicative of reduced psychological well-being in captive chimpanzees. Am.

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Variables influencing the origins of diverse abnormal behaviors in a large sample of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Nash¹,

Fritz²,

Alford³

et al. 1999

Am. J. Primatol.

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The developmental origin of abnormal behaviors is generally associated with early rearing environments that lack sufficient physical and sensory stimulation. However, other factors should also be considered. A large sample of captive chimpanzees (128 males and 140 females) was surveyed for the presence or absence of 18 abnormal behaviors. Origin variables included the subject's source (zoo, pet, performer, or laboratory), rearing (mother- or hand-reared), and sex. Animals were assessed while held at the Primate Foundation of Arizona, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, or White Sands Research Center. There was a confound among origin variables; more hand-reared animals than expected were from laboratories. Logistic regression tested the relationship of rearing and source, with sex as a secondary predictor variable, to each of the abnormal behaviors. There was no clear association between any abnormal behavior and source. However, for coprophagy, relative to animals from the laboratory, zoo animals tended to show a higher prevalence, while performers tended to show a lower prevalence (when rearing and sex were controlled). Rocking and self-sucking were significantly more likely in hand-reared animals. Coprophagy and depilation of self were significantly more likely in mother-reared animals. When rearing and source were statistically controlled, the only significant sex difference was a higher prevalence of coprophagy in females and a higher prevalence of rocking in males. In a second, smaller sample of 25 males and 33 females from Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, no significant sex association was found for coprophagy, urophagy, rocking, or self-depilation. In this second sample, coprophagy was also significantly more likely in mother-reared than hand-reared subjects. The association of some abnormal behaviors with mother-rearing suggests that some form of social learning may be involved in the origin of some of these behavior patterns. This indicates that some abnormal behaviors may not be always be indicative of reduced psychological well-being in captive chimpanzees.

show abstract

Stereotyped Behaviors of Chimpanzees: Relation to General Arousal and Alternative Activities

Cited by 86 publications

References 22 publications

Stereotypies: a critical review

Stereotypies: a critical review

Variables influencing the origins of diverse abnormal behaviors in a large sample of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Variables influencing the origins of diverse abnormal behaviors in a large sample of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

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