Differential Pulse Voltammetric Determination of Paraquat Using a Bismuth‐Film Electrode

Abstract

A bismuth-film electrode (BiFE) ex situ electrochemically deposited onto a copper substrate has been presented for paraquat determination. The bismuth film was electrochemically deposited at an applied potential of À 0.18 V vs. Ag/ AgCl (3.0 M KCl) for 200 s. The analytical curve was linear in the paraquat concentration range from 6.6 Â 10 À7 M to 4.8 Â 10À5 M with a limit of detection of 9.3 Â 10 À8 M. The method presented satisfactory results at a confidence level of 95% and the performance was evaluated in water samples.

Construção e aplicação de um minissensor de filme de bismuto utilizando materiais de baixo custo para determinações voltamétricas in loco

“…9 Além disso, a determinação de pesticidas, 17 aditivos em alimentos 18 e outros analitos orgânicos utilizando BiFEs também foi descrita. 19,20 Há uma tendência recente em se construir e aplicar eletrodos descartáveis de baixo custo, em substituição aos eletrodos sólidos, uma vez que muitos deles apresentam como desvantagem uma grande dificuldade da renovação e reprodução de sua superfície, além da dificuldade da aplicação em determinações in loco com emprego de potenciostatos portáteis.…”

“…Desta forma, apesar dos outros eletrodos (outras áreas) estarem imersos na solução de Bi(NO 3 ) 3 0,050 mol L −1 , HCl 1,0 mol L −1 e citrato de sódio 0,15 mol L −1 , somente àquele conectado ao potenciostato foi aplicado um potencial de −0,18 V vs. Ag/AgCl (KCl 3,0 mol L −1 ) durante 200 s utilizando eletrodos convencionais de referência e auxiliar, Ag/AgCl e de Pt, respectivamente, recobrindo a citada área com o filme de bismuto. 17 A Figura 2 esquematiza o processo de obtenção do minissensor proposto.…”

Determination of Atrazine in Natural Water Samples by Differential Pulse Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry Using a Bismuth Film Electrode

“…However, few papers are described in the literature using BiFE to determine organic compounds such as drugs [15,16] and pesticides [17][18][19][20]. The application of a BiFE using a GCE substrate was recently carried out to determine the herbicide metribuzin by square-wave voltammetry [19].…”

“…The application of a BiFE using a GCE substrate was recently carried out to determine the herbicide metribuzin by square-wave voltammetry [19]. Figueiredo-Filho et al [17] determined Paraquat in natural water samples using a bismuth film electrodeposited onto a copper electrode by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV).…”

Sensitive Electrochemical Determination of Folic Acid Using ex–situ Prepared Bismuth Film Electrodes

“…By using of an "environmentally friendly" electrode material -bismuth (mostly as electrodeposited bismuth film as it is well known resemblance in electrochemical behavior between Bi and Hg) in electrochemical "stripping" analysis, [20,21,22] it is possible to overcome issues related to mercury based materials. Although conventional and micro bismuth film electrodes have been widely used in electrochemical analysis of various organic compounds [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] their relevance for folic acid determination has been very poorly exploited. Only Ananthi et al [38] reported determination of folic acid using glassy carbon electrode modified with an electrodeposited bismuth nanowires by square wave voltammetry.…”