Differential protective effects of antioxidants against cell killing and mutagenesis of Salmonella typhimurium by .GAMMA. radiation.

Ben‐Hur, E.; Green, M.; Prager, A.; Rosenthal, I.; Riklis, E.

doi:10.1269/jrr.22.250

Cited by 13 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The food grade BHT chemically known as 3,5-di-tert-butyle-4-hydroxytoluene. Experimental studies on Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhimurium indicates that BHT is not harmful and did not damage DNA and not act as a mutagenic substance [29] , [3] , [4] . However at higher dose it was carcinogenic in mouse [7] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of genotoxicity of some common food preservatives using Allium cepa L. as a test plant

2014

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Food preservatives play important role in today's food supplies that are used to prolong the self-life of products by protecting them from deterioration caused by micro-organisms. In this study, investigations were carried out to study the impacts of food preservatives like butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, sorbic acid, propyl gallate and sodium nitrate. The effects of these preservatives at concentration of 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm, 2000 ppm, 2500 ppm for 4 h, 8 h and 16 h of exposure period were studied on the root tips of Allium cepa. Cytological studies revealed statistically significant (p < 0.05) inhibition in mitotic index with an increase in concentration of the food preservatives when compared with the control. Most frequent cytological abnormalities observed were bridges, multipolarity, C-mitosis, stickiness and cell death. The total percentages of abnormalities were also increased with increasing concentration and time duration. The abnormalities (%) in root system caused by used preservatives were recorded as butylated hydroxytoluene < butylated hydroxyanisole < sodium nitrate < sorbic acid < propyl gallate.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of genotoxicity of some common food preservatives using Allium cepa L. as a test plant

2014

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“…The magnitude of protection in each case was similar. No protection occurred when Propyl Gallate was added immediately after radiation (Ben-Hur et al 1981).…”

Section: Ionizing/ultraviolet Radiation Protectionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Final Report on the Amended Safety Assessment of Propyl Gallate1

2007

Int J Toxicol

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Propyl Gallate is the n-propyl ester of gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid). It is soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, oil, lard, and aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) ethers of cetyl alcohol, but only slightly soluble in water. Propyl Gallate currently is used as an antioxidant in a reported 167 cosmetic products at maximum concentrations of 0.1%. Propyl Gallate is a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) antioxidant to protect fats, oils, and fat-containing food from rancidity that results from the formation of peroxides. Data on dermal absorption are not available, but Propyl Gallate is absorbed when ingested, then methylated, conjugated, and excreted in the urine. The biological activity of Propyl Gallate is consistent with its free-radical scavenging ability, with effects that include antimicrobial activity, enzyme inhibition, inhibition of biosynthetic processes, inhibition of the formation of nitrosamines, anesthesia, inhibition of neuromuscular response to chemicals, ionizing/ultraviolet (UV) radiation protection, chemoprotection, antimutagenesis, anticarcinogenesis and antitumorigenesis, antiteratogenesis, and anticariogenesis. Animal toxicity studies indicate that Propyl Gallate was slightly toxic when ingested, but no systemic effects were noted with dermal application. Propyl Gallate is a strong sensitizer when tested intradermally, less sensitizing when tested topically, and nonsensitizing topically at 0.1% in one study. In a second study, Propyl Gallate (15 mg dissolved in 8 ml vehicle) was sensitizing to guinea pigs. Acute eye irritation tests conducted on nine cosmetic formulations, each containing less than 1% Propyl Gallate, were negative. A phototoxicity study conducted on a cosmetic formulation containing 0.003% Propyl Gallate determined that the product was not phototoxic to guinea pigs. In one study, female rats fed 0.5 g Propyl Gallate had substantially increased fetal resorption rates when compared to controls, but in four other studies, Propyl Gallate at doses up to 2.04 g/kg was nonteratogenic in rats, rabbits, mice, and hamsters. In clinical cumulative irritancy tests, Propyl Gallate was nonirritating at concentrations up to 10%. Patch tests at concentrations less than 1% yielded positive elicitation responses. Repeat-insult patch tests using cosmetic formulations with 0.003% Propyl Gallate produced no irritation or sensitization. Propyl Gallate at a concentration of 10% in alcohol was nonphototoxic in 25 subjects. Cosmetic formulations, each containing 0.003% Propyl Gallate, produced no signs of photosensitization or phototoxicity in a total of 371 subjects. Although Propyl Gallate is not a skin irritant in clinical tests, the available data demonstrate that it is a skin sensitizer and that it may be a sensitizer at lower concentrations than originally thought, i.e., at concentrations less than 1%. In actual practice, cosmetic formulations contain Propyl Gallate at concentrations up to 0.1% and usage has increased over the past 20 years. In spite of the increased exposure...

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Butylhydroxytoluol (BHT) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 1986]

2012

The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety

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Veröffentlicht in der Reihe Gesundheitsschädliche Arbeitsstoffe , 11. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1986 Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel: Allgemeiner Wirkungscharakter Pharmakokinetik Erfahrungen beim Menschen Tierexperimentelle Befunde Akute Toxizität Subakute Toxizität Chronische Toxizität Zur Frage eines MAK‐Wertes

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Differential protective effects of antioxidants against cell killing and mutagenesis of Salmonella typhimurium by .GAMMA. radiation.

Cited by 13 publications

References 19 publications

Assessment of genotoxicity of some common food preservatives using Allium cepa L. as a test plant

Assessment of genotoxicity of some common food preservatives using Allium cepa L. as a test plant

Final Report on the Amended Safety Assessment of Propyl Gallate1

Butylhydroxytoluol (BHT) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 1986]

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