Differential metabolic response of narrow leafed lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) leaves to infection with Colletotrichum lupini

Abstract

Flavones and isoflavones are a major group of phenolic secondary metabolites which occur in leaves of narrow leafed lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) either as free aglycones or in a form of glycosides and malonyl-glycosides. Profiles of phenolic compounds in leaves of seedlings infected with anthracnose causing fungus Colletotrichum lupini were compared to those of healthy plants. A HPLC with diode array UV detector was used as the analytical method and identification of these secondary metabolites was confirmed with a HPLC/MS n instrument. Isomers of several target compounds differing in the glycosilation and/or malonylation pattern were detected in the studied samples. However, the application of standard HPLC with C18 columns resulted in the co-elution of several glyconjugates in single chromatographic peaks whereas for isoflavonoid aglycones complete resolution was achieved. Lupine plants grown in a greenhouse were either sprayed with the C. lupini spore suspension or the suspension was spotted on to wounded leaves. Profiles of the isoflavones were altered in result to infection with both methods. In particular, the concentration of isoflavone free aglycones detected in extracts from diseased plants was substantially increased in all of the studied samples. However, the pattern of these compounds depended on the age of lupine leaves as well as on the method of infection. Synthesis of luteone and 2 0 -hydroxygenistein was enhanced in the youngest leaves of plants sprayed with spores as well as in wound-infected leaves. Wighteone synthesis was induced mainly in older leaves of plants sprayed with the spore suspension.

Changes in the profile of flavonoid accumulation in Medicago truncatula leaves during infection with fungal pathogen Phoma medicaginis

“…A new finding was the identification of four flavone glycosides 4, 6, 7, 9 which were diglucuronic acid conjugates of apigenin and chrysoeriol acylated with coumaric or ferulic acid molecules (see Table 1). The CID fragmentation pathways of compounds 1-3 were similar to these previously described for the flavonoid glycosides [21] and product ions were created solely due to cleavages of consecutive glycosidic bonds either between glucuronic acid molecules or between sugar and flavone moieties (Fig. 2a).…”

“…Some differences in the regulation of spatial and temporal responses to stresses of Fabaceae plants, depending on the physiological state of tissue or the nature of biotic stress factors, were previously described where light, wounding, methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and a fungal cell wall elicitor resulted in differential induction of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein in soybean (G. max) leaves [13]. Furthermore Colletotrichum lupini infection of narrow leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) plants caused different isoflavone (genistein and 2 0 -hydroxygenistein) precursors and phytoalexins (wighteone and luteone) to accumulate, in a manner dependent on leaf age [21]. The elicitor-specific induction of isoflavonoids in M. truncatula roots and root cell lines in response to yeast elicitor (YE) or methyl jasmonate (MeJA) was reported recently [11,12,23].…”

Ecological metabolomics: overview of current developments and future challenges

“…Metabolites released from dying plant tissues could stimulate its synthesis. These ecometabolomic studies show not only the metabolites induced in plants by fungal infection Muth et al 2009;Abdel-Farid et al 2009;Lima et al 2010), but also shows that the fungus can use plant photosynthate that thereafter causes hyphal growth, altogether suggesting that the fungus has developed a common metabolic re-program strategy in the plant host (Parker et al 2009). Another interesting finding reported by four different studies is that fungal infection induces the emission of new volatile organic compounds (VOC) with a composition that varies depending on the species of infecting fungus Vikram et al 2004;Lui et al 2005;Moalemiyan et al 2007) ( Table 2).…”

“…Some partial ecometabolomic studies of polar metabolites have shown that plant defensive responses involve the induction of diverse polar secondary metabolites such as p-and m-coumaric acid, inositol, caffeic acid, indolic derivates, phenylpropanoids and flavonoids, and some non-polar metabolites such as phosphatidyl glycerol, aromatic compounds and fatty acids (Bednarek et al 2005;Allwood et al 2006;Strack et al 2006;Jobic et al 2007;Cao et al 2008;Hamzehzarghani et al 2008;Muth et al 2009;Abdel-Farid et al 2009;Lima et al 2010) and also the decrease of other metabolites such as GABA, fructose and sucrose involved in plant growth and primary metabolism (Jobic et al 2007;Abdel-Farid et al 2009) (Table 2). Similarly, higher contents of some amino and organic acids, carbohydrates and mainly of phenolic compounds have been observed to be constitutive defenses in fungusresistent subspecies of Vitis vinifera when compared with susceptible subspecies of Vitis vinifera (Figueiredo et al 2008;Ali et al 2009).…”

Achievements and Challenges in Legume Breeding for Pest and Disease Resistance

“…Although large-scale, comprehensive metabolomic studies have only begun to be applied to study disease and pest resistance, many studies aimed to characterize a specific subset of metabolites in response to biotic stresses. Most of these studies targeted the phenylpropanoid pathway that contains many defense related molecules which indicated a prominent role of flavonoid related compounds in the defense reaction of lupin, alfalfa, soybean, and L. japonicus (Baldridge et al, 1998;Shimada et al, 2000;Lozovaya et al, 2004;Saunders and O'Neill, 2004;Lygin et al, 2009;Muth et al, 2009;Morkunas et al, 2010;Wojakowska et al, 2013) and several examples have demonstrated their potential to increase resistance levels to disease by genetic transformation (He and Dixon, 2000;Wu and VanEtten, 2004;Lozovaya et al, 2005). In addition, several reports indicated the emission of volatile compounds in response to spider mites in L. japonicus and lima bean, and demonstrated an important role of these molecules as chemo attractant of predators and as defense inducer in neighboring plants (Ozawa et al, 2000a(Ozawa et al, , 2000bArimura et al, 2002Arimura et al, , 2004.…”