Differential immunomodulatory effect of vitamin D (1,25 (OH)2 D3) on the innate immune response in different types of cells infected in vitro with infectious bursal disease virus

Jaime, J.; Vargas-Bermúdez, Diana S.; Yitbarek, Alexander; Reyes, José Luis; Rodríguez-Lecompte, J. C.

doi:10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.006

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…This permits the immune cells’ intended autocrine and paracrine signalling mechanisms, reducing inflammation and enhancing the expression of anti0inflammatory cytokines, IFN-ƴ, IL-10, etc. [ 23 , 107 ]. Figure 8 is a schematic illustration of the overall effects of vitamin D on various body systems, including modulation of innate and adaptive immune systems.…”

Section: Summary Of Evidence From Clinical Trailsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For many vitamin D deficient persons with sepsis [ 10 ] or COVID-19 [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 60 ] (i.e., in emergencies) encountered in clinics or admitted to hospitals, it is unlikely to have information available on their serum 25(OH)D concentrations. For them, administering a body-weight-based proper dose of vitamin D (Tabel 1) or a single dose of 0.014 mg/kg body weight calcifediol ( Table 3 ) can be life-saving.…”

Section: The Rationale For Using Bolus Doses Of Vitamin D 3...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on many basic and clinical research publications, we estimated that approximately 75% of human immune system functions depend on maintaining a healthy, physiological serum 25(OH)D concentration. The cumulative data over the past decade confirm that the required minimum serum 25(OH)D concentration for immune system functions is 50 ng/mL [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Multiple data sets have validated the need for such a universal minimum 25(OH)D concentration supporting humans’ overall health and well-being.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Rapidly Increasing Serum 25(OH)D Boosts the Immune System, against Infections—Sepsis and COVID-19

Wimalawansa¹

2022

Nutrients

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Vitamin D deficiency is a global public health problem, a pandemic that commonly affects the elderly and those with comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, respiratory disorders, recurrent infections, immune deficiency, and malignancies, as well as ethnic minorities living in temperate countries. The same groups were worst affected by COVID-19. Since vitamin D deficiency weakens the immune system, it increases the risk of infections, complications, and deaths, such as from sepsis and COVID-19. Deficiency can be remedied cost-effectively through targeted food fortification, supplementation, and/or daily safe sun exposure. Its endocrine functions are limited to mineral metabolism, musculoskeletal systems, specific cell membrane interactions, and parathyroid gland functions. Except for the rapid, endocrine, and cell membrane-based non-genomic functions, all other biological and physiological activities of vitamin D depend on the adequate intracellular synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D (calcitriol) in peripheral target cells via the genome. Calcitriol mediates autocrine (intracrine) and paracrine signalling in immune cells, which provides broader, protective immune functions crucial to overcoming infections. The synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D (calcitriol) in peripheral target cells is dependent on diffusion and endocytosis of D3 and 25(OH)D from the circulation into them, which requires maintenance of serum 25(OH)D concentration above 50 ng/mL. Therefore, in acute infections such as sepsis and respiratory infections like COVID-19, it is necessary to rapidly provide its precursors, D3 and 25(OH)D, through the circulation to generate adequate intracellular calcitriol. Immune defence is one of the crucial non-hormonal functions of vitamin D. A single oral (bolus) dose or divided upfront loading doses between 100,000 and 500,000 IU, using 50,000 IU vitamin D3 increase the serum 25(OH)D concentrations to a therapeutic level of above 50 ng/mL that lasts between two to three months. This takes three to five days to raise serum 25(OH)D. In contrast, a single oral dose of calcifediol (0.014 mg/kg body weight) can generate the needed 25(OH)D concentration within four hours. Considering both D3 and 25(OH)D enter immune cells for generating calcitriol, using the combination of D3 (medium-term) and calcifediol (immediate) is cost-effective and leads to the best clinical outcome. To maximise protection against infections, particularly to reduce COVID-19-associated complications and deaths, healthcare workers should advise patients on safe sun exposure, adequate vitamin D supplementation and balanced diets containing zinc, magnesium, and other micronutrients to support the immune system. Meanwhile, governments, the World Health Organisation, the Centers for Disease Control, and governments should consider similar recommendations to physicians and the public, change the outdated vitamin D and other micronutrient recommendations directed to their population, and organise targetted food fortification programs for the vulnerable groups. This article discusses a rational approach to maintaining a sustained serum 25(OH)D concentration above 50 ng/mL, necessary to attain a robust immune system for overcoming infections. Such would cost-effectively improve the population’s health and reduce healthcare costs. It also describes three cost-effective, straightforward protocols for achieving and sustaining therapeutic serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 50 ng/mL (>125 nmol/L) to keep the population healthy, reduce absenteeism, improve productivity, and lower healthcare costs.

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Section: Summary Of Evidence From Clinical Trailsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Rationale For Using Bolus Doses Of Vitamin D 3...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Rapidly Increasing Serum 25(OH)D Boosts the Immune System, against Infections—Sepsis and COVID-19

Wimalawansa¹

2022

Nutrients

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“…Vitamin D regulates the innate immune system. 2 , 5 , 51 The innate immune system -an older evolutionary defence strategy- is a first line of defence against infection, 52 , 53 and one of the two main immunity arms in vertebrates, including humans. 53 Its major functions include recruitment of immune cells, activation of the complement cascade, identification and removal of foreign substances, activation of the adaptive immune response, and the utilization of physical and chemical barriers against infectious agents.…”

Section: Vitamin D and The Innate Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Immunomodulatory Properties of Vitamin D

Athanassiou¹,

Mavragani²,

Koutsilieris³

2022

MJR

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Since its discovery, vitamin D was shown to have both immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory effects on the immune system. A growing body of evidence so far linked vitamin D deficiency with the development and severity of several systemic and organ specific autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and multiple sclerosis. In the present report, the multiple and diverse effects of vitamin D on the immune system are reviewed.

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“…The innate immune system develops the receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are responsible for recognizing the pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) located on the surface of pathogens 33 . Further, the generation of type I interferons (IFNα/β), cAMP response‐element binding protein (CREB) as intracellular transcription factors and activator protein 1(AP‐1) constitute the effector components of innate immune defence response against pathogen infection 34,35 …”

Section: The Regulatory Effect and Mechanism Of Flavonoids On The Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory potential of flavonoids for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and tumour

Han

Deng³

et al. 2021

Scand J Immunol

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The immune system plays an indispensable role in maintaining human health against the invasion of foreign materials, microorgainisms and pathogens. The autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammatory disorders are characterized by dysregulated immune responses resulting in excessive and uncontrolled tissue inflammation, as well as tumour, and others. In recent years, flavonoids are widely recognized as potentially natural polyphenol compounds for the treatment of multiple diseases, given their immunomodulatory activity, antioxidant and antineoplastic activities. However, the exact mechanisms of flavonoids on the immune system and inhibiting tumour remains unclear. This review article provides an overview of the impact and mechanism of flavonoids on innate and adaptive immune system through the analysis of various immune cells. Meanwhile, we also explain the probable therapeutic mechanism of flavonoids on tumour and other chronic diseases. Overall, this review may provide a certain theoretical direction and theoretical basis for the application of flavonoids in the treatment of immune‐related disorders and tumour.

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Differential immunomodulatory effect of vitamin D (1,25 (OH)2 D3) on the innate immune response in different types of cells infected in vitro with infectious bursal disease virus

Cited by 9 publications

References 45 publications

Rapidly Increasing Serum 25(OH)D Boosts the Immune System, against Infections—Sepsis and COVID-19

Rapidly Increasing Serum 25(OH)D Boosts the Immune System, against Infections—Sepsis and COVID-19

The Immunomodulatory Properties of Vitamin D

Immunomodulatory potential of flavonoids for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and tumour

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