“…Thus, a plethora of studies correlate some trait-impulsivity, independence, for example--with underachievement without any attempt to see whether a combination of these traits makes sense in an actual individual (Lavin, 1965). More recently, successful attempts have been made at differentiating underachievers using various multivariate techniques (Kisch, 1968;Middleton & Guthrie, 1959), and several counselors have described treatment programs that take differences into account (Brown, 1969;Chestnut & Gilbreath, 1969;Gilbreath, 1968;Mandel, Roth, & Berenbaum, 1968;Roth et al, 1967).…”