Differential expression of protamine 1 and 2 genes in mature spermatozoa of normal and motility impaired semen producing crossbred Frieswal (HF×Sahiwal) bulls

Markers for Sperm Freezability and Relevance of Transcriptome Studies in Semen Cryopreservation: A Review

“…Signiicant reduction in the expression levels of PRM1 mRNA transcript in post-thaw bull semen was concurrent with compromised progressive sperm motility [52]. It appears that dysfunction in protein synthesis might be associated with aberrant mRNA retention, indicating that the regulation of protamine translation might compromise fertility [11,52]. Further study, coupling qRT-PCR analysis with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), showed that the cryopreservation process caused signiicant changes in the expression levels of several sperm-derived mRNAs and proteins of epigenetic-related genes in boar spermatozoa [48].…”

“…Presently, human sperm transcripts are the best characterized among all mammals with respect to RNA sequence proiling. Even though microarray techniques, coupled with either quantitative real-time qPCR or qRT-PCR, have revealed limited features of the transcriptome and global paterns of gene expression in spermatozoa, these techniques have revealed that sperm transcripts afecting diferent metabolic pathways are related to semen fertility [48,49,[51][52][53][54]. A study based on the evaluation of sperm capacitation status provides evidence, indicating that the sperm-derived RNAs can be translated de novo using mitochondrial-type ribosomes, and at least 26 such sperm-translated proteins are known to be required during capacitation, sperm-egg interactions, and fertilization [11,54].…”

“…Using microarray-based techniques, signiicant diferences in the expression of two genes-testisspeciic protein1 (TPX-1) and lactate dehydrogenase C, transcript variant (LDHC)-were detected in human spermatozoa with high and low motilities [11]. Accumulating evidence has been shown that the coding and noncoding RNAs in spermatozoa play an important role in chromatin stabilization, facilitating the selective escape of sequences necessary for early development from re-packaging by protamines [12,52,55]. In human spermatozoa, some putatively sperm transcripts associated with male fertility and early embryo development include CLU, AKAP4, Protamine 1 (PRM1), Protamine 2 (PRM2), and heat-shock-binding protein1 (HSBP1) [11].…”

“…Similarly, ineicient translation of protein synthesis has been suggested as a possible cause for other sperm transcripts that were abundantly expressed in the low-fertility bulls [55]. However, it should be emphasized that both PRM1 and PRM2 are among the most strongly associated transcripts with diferent semen quality parameters, such as sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and chromatin and DNA integrity, as well as with fertility and embryo quality [11,17,46,52,55]. Signiicant reduction in the expression levels of PRM1 mRNA transcript in post-thaw bull semen was concurrent with compromised progressive sperm motility [52].…”

“…However, it should be emphasized that both PRM1 and PRM2 are among the most strongly associated transcripts with diferent semen quality parameters, such as sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and chromatin and DNA integrity, as well as with fertility and embryo quality [11,17,46,52,55]. Signiicant reduction in the expression levels of PRM1 mRNA transcript in post-thaw bull semen was concurrent with compromised progressive sperm motility [52]. It appears that dysfunction in protein synthesis might be associated with aberrant mRNA retention, indicating that the regulation of protamine translation might compromise fertility [11,52].…”