The concept of organized networks has emerged in the field of cellular signaling in the last few years. Assembling the different partners in close proximity optimizes the spatial and temporal organization and the specificity of the cellular response. The assembly of these multimolecular complexes occurs through the interaction of modular domains recognizing their target counterparts. PDZ domains are widely spread modules exhibiting this function. Data bank exploration with SMART (1) identifies 584 PDZ domains in 328 different proteins in the human genome.G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) 5 constitute the largest family of membrane receptors, and many of the more than 750 members have been shown to interact with PDZ domain-containing proteins, either constitutively or upon agonist activation (2). Binding of PDZ proteins to GPCRs has been reported to primarily regulate subcellular localization, trafficking, and stability of receptors (3). For instance, binding of MUPP1 and syntrophins to the ␥-aminobutyric acid type B (GABA B ) receptor and the ␣ 1D -adrenergic receptor, respectively, significantly increases receptor stability (4, 5). In other cases, PDZ scaffolds determine the subcellular localization of GPCRs (6) and receptor endocytosis as shown for PSD-95 and the 5-HT 2A serotonin and  1 -adrenergic receptors (7,8). PDZ proteins, such as NHERF and hScrib, are also important for the recycling of receptors to the cell surface (9 -11).Binding of PDZ proteins to GPCRs also modulates receptor signaling by assembling proteins involved in signal transduction. NHERF family proteins are known to regulate the activity of the Na ϩ /H ϩ exchanger through association with NHERF-1 (12) and to form a ternary complex with phospholipase C3 and GPCRs, which enhances the signaling efficiency of the receptor-mediated activation of the phospholipase C/Ca 2ϩ pathway (13-15). Binding of GIPC (GAIP-interacting protein, COOH terminus) to the COOH terminus of the D3 dopamine and the  1 -adrenergic receptor (16) decreased G␣ i -mediated signaling of these receptors most likely through RGS19, which binds to GIPC (17). Further examples of PDZ scaffolds that regulate GPCR signaling include a ternary complex formation around the PDZ scaffold MAGI-3, which binds to the GPCR frizzled-4 and Ltap to regulate the JNK signaling cascade (18), as well as PDZ-domain-containing Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors that interact with lysophosphatidic acid 1 and 2 receptors to activate RhoA (19).