Differential effects of short-chain fatty acids on proliferation and production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by cultured lymphocytes

Cavaglieri, Cláudia Regina; Nishiyama, Anita; Fernandes, Luís Filipe Sanches; Curi, Rui; Miles, Elizabeth A.; Calder, Philip C.

doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00490-9

Cited by 244 publications

(169 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Furthermore, lower concentrations of F. prausnitzii have also been reported in Crohn's disease which is relevant as higher numbers of this species are associated with longer postoperative disease maintenance, thought to be due to its immuno-regulatory capacity in reducing IL-12 and interferon-g and stimulating IL-10 secretion (69) . Prebiotics have been shown to stimulate faecal and mucosal bifidobacteria (10) and F. prausnitzii (70) in healthy people, while acetate and propionate increase immunoregulatory IL-10 production (71) . Consequently, prebiotics have been investigated as a potential therapeutic target for Crohn's disease (72) .…”

Section: Crohn's Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms and effectiveness of prebiotics in modifying the gastrointestinal microbiota for the management of digestive disorders

Whelan

2013

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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The gastrointestinal microbiota is a complex ecosystem with each human individual hosting at least 160 different bacterial strains. Our understanding of its role is rapidly expanding as a result of the molecular microbiological techniques that can accurately characterise its composition and ‘omics’ technologies that measure its metabolic activity. Since 1995, extensive research has investigated the prebiotic concept, which describes how supplementation of some non-digestible oligosaccharides can stimulate the growth and/or activity of specific genera including bifidobacteria. However, the vast majority of studies are in healthy human subjects, with few undertaken in patients with disorders relevant to clinical nutrition. Marked alterations of the luminal microbiota have been demonstrated in patients with digestive disorders, highlighting mechanisms through which they might be involved in their pathogenesis, including higher clostridia in patients who develop diarrhoea during enteral nutrition and the influence of bifidobacteria on intestinal dendritic cell phenotype in Crohn's disease. The impact of prebiotics on the intestinal microbiota of healthy people has not been consistently replicated in patients with digestive disorders. For example, a number of studies show that inulin/oligofructose do not increase bifidobacteria in enteral nutrition and Crohn's disease. Indeed, in Crohn's disease and irritable bowel syndrome there is evidence that some prebiotics in high doses worsen functional symptoms. Unlike healthy human subjects, patients experience a number of issues that may alter their gastrointestinal microbiota (disease, antibiotics and inflammation) and the use of microbiota modifying therapies, such as prebiotics, do not always elicit the same effects in patients as they do in healthy people.

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Section: Crohn's Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms and effectiveness of prebiotics in modifying the gastrointestinal microbiota for the management of digestive disorders

Whelan

2013

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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“…18,19 Several studies show that factors such as lowering luminal pH, prebiotic dosage and concentration, duration of intake, fermentation site, and the initial composition of the intestinal microflora are important for the prebiotic effects. 9,[20][21][22][23][24] Several substances are claimed to be prebiotics, but so far only fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), lactulose, and inulin have met all 3 criteria listed above, as published by Roberfroid and Cherbut 14,25 (Table 3). Other prebiotic candidates are promising, but only preliminary data exist for their health-inducing effects, whereas they do not meet all prebiotic criteria as stated above and therefore cannot be classified as prebiotics.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prebiotics in Chronic Intestinal Inflammation

Langen

Dieleman

2009

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

154

107

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Prebiotics are nondigestible fermentable fibers that are reported to have health benefits for the host. Older as well as more recent studies show beneficial effects in experimental colitis and lately also in human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and chronic pouchitis. In this review we give an overview of the benefits of prebiotics in rodent IBD models and in IBD patients and discuss their possible protective mechanisms. Commensal intestinal bacteria induce and perpetuate chronic intestinal inflammation, whereas others are protective. However, most of the current medications are directed against the exaggerated proinflammatory immune response of the host, some of them toxic and costly. Feeding prebiotics changes the composition of the intestinal microflora toward more protective intestinal bacteria and alters systemic and mucosal immune responses of the host. Therapy for IBD targeting intestinal bacteria and their function is just emerging. Prebiotics have the promise to be relatively safe, inexpensive, and easy to administer. Unraveling their protective mechanisms will help to develop rational applications of prebiotics. However, the initial promising results with dietary prebiotics in preclinical trials as well as small studies in human IBD will need to be confirmed in large randomized controlled clinical trials. Keywords ulcerative colitis; Crohn's disease; prebiotics; bifidobacteria; lactobacilli The incidence and prevalence of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are increasing in the developed northern hemisphere. Bernstein et al 1 recently published data that showed that Canada has the highest incidence and prevalence of CD thus far reported. The incidence rate for CD ranged from 8.8-20.2 per 100,000 and the prevalence ranged from 161-319 per 100,000. The incidence and prevalence of UC was lower, ranging from 9.9-19.5 and 162-249 per 100,000, respectively. Approximately 0.5% of the Canadian population has IBD. Several studies concerning the pathogenesis of IBD indicate that a combination of factors such as genetic susceptibility, intestinal microflora, dietary factors, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and an abnormal immune response to intestinal bacteria lead to chronic intestinal inflammation. CIHR Author Manuscript CIHR Author Manuscript CIHR Author Manuscript Current IBD TherapeuticsThe current medical armamentarium to treat UC and CD consists of 5-aminosalicylic acid (ASA) compounds, corticosteroids, azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, and cyclosporine. Recently several biologics have been added to this list. 5 Most patients respond well to these therapies, but for some patients it is still inadequate and/or induces intolerable and serious side effects. In addition, the current therapies are mostly directed against the overly aggressive adaptive immune response of the host, but fail to correct potential environmental triggers such as the intestinal microflora that induces a...

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“…They found that butyrate, acetate and propionate induces an up-regulation of IL-18 expression, which is implicated in Th1 cell-mediated chronic inflammation [34]. Contrasting results have been found by other authors, reporting that a combination of butyrate, acetate and propionate causes a shift in the T helper lymphocyte phenotype towards the anti-inflammatory phenotype [12].…”

Section: Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 90%

Alternatives to in-feed antibiotics in pigs: Evaluation of probiotics, zinc or organic acids as protective agents for the intestinal mucosa. A comparison of in vitro and in vivo results

et al. 2005

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-Weaned pigs are susceptible to frequent infectious diseases. Antibiotics have been used over decades to reduce pathogen infections, but many microorganisms are becoming resistant to antibiotics. Thus, there is an urgent need to find alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. Up to now, various compounds have been used as alternatives, giving promising but sometimes contrasting results. In recent years, the in vitro models of cell culture have been proposed for the screening of various compounds and understanding their mechanisms of action. The intestine is a complex system with a continuous cross-talk among epithelial cells, the local immune system and microflora. Alternatives to in-feed antibiotics may interact with any of these constituents. This review presents data on the protective effects of probiotics, zinc salts and organic acids, used as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics, against pathogen induced damage and inflammatory processes in the intestinal cells and the underlying mechanisms, with an attempt to compare in vitro and in vivo results. All the alternatives tested resulted in effective protection against pathogens by a series of interactions with intestinal cells and pathogens, including the inhibition of adhesion and invasion of pathogens, interference in signalling pathways induced by pathogenic bacteria, maintenance of the epithelial cell cytoskeleton and junctional structure and modulation of the host immune response. microorganismes sont devenus résistants à ces substances. Aussi, est-il urgent de trouver des alternatives aux antibiotiques additifs alimentaires. Jusqu'à présent, diverses alternatives ont été envisagées, certaines donnant des résultats prometteurs, d'autres des résultats variables. Au cours des dernières années, les modèles in vitro de cultures cellulaires ont été proposés pour cribler ces substances et élucider leurs mécanismes d'action. L'intestin est un système complexe faisant intervenir des communications permanentes entre les cellules épithéliales, le système immunitaire local et la microflore. Les alternatives aux antibiotiques peuvent interagir avec n'importe lequel de ces composants. Le présent article fait la synthèse des effets protecteurs et des mécanismes d'action des probiotiques, des sels de zinc et des acides organiques, utilisés comme alternatives aux antibiotiques dans les processus inflammatoires et les altérations cellulaires épithéliales in vitro, induites par des agents pathogènes. Elle tente de comparer ces résultats avec les observations in vivo. Toutes les alternatives évaluées ont été efficaces contre les agents pathogènes, via des mécanismes d'interaction cellules épithéliales-agents pathogènes. Ces mécanismes incluaient l'inhibition de l'adhésion et de l'invasion cellulaire par ces pathogènes, la modulation des mécanismes de signalisation intracellulaire induits par les bactéries pathogènes, le maintien de la structure du cytosquelette et des jonctions serrées des cellules épithéliales, et enfin la modulation des réponses immunitaires de la cellu...

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Differential effects of short-chain fatty acids on proliferation and production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by cultured lymphocytes

Cited by 244 publications

References 19 publications

Mechanisms and effectiveness of prebiotics in modifying the gastrointestinal microbiota for the management of digestive disorders

Mechanisms and effectiveness of prebiotics in modifying the gastrointestinal microbiota for the management of digestive disorders

Prebiotics in Chronic Intestinal Inflammation

Alternatives to in-feed antibiotics in pigs: Evaluation of probiotics, zinc or organic acids as protective agents for the intestinal mucosa. A comparison of in vitro and in vivo results

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