Differential Effects between Cigarette Total Particulate Matter and Cigarette Smoke Extract on Blood and Blood Vessel

Abstract

The generation and collection of cigarette smoke (CS) is a prerequisite for any toxicology study on smoking, especially an in vitro CS exposure study. In this study, the effects on blood and vascular function were tested with two widely used CS preparations to compare the biological effects of CS with respect to the CS preparation used. CS was prepared in the form of total particulate matter (TPM), which is CS trapped in a Cambridge filter pad, and cigarette smoke extract (CSE), which is CS trapped in phosphate-buffered saline. TPM potentiated platelet reactivity to thrombin and thus increased aggregation at a concentration of 25~100 μg/mL, whereas 2.5~10% CSE decreased platelet aggregation by thrombin. Both TPM and CSE inhibited vascular contraction by phenylephrine at 50~100 μg/mL and 10%, respectively. TPM inhibited acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation at 10~100 μg/mL, but CSE exhibited a minimal effect on relaxation at the concentration that affects vasoconstriction. Neither TPM nor CSE induced hemolysis of erythrocytes or influenced plasma coagulation, as assessed by prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Taken together, CS affects platelet activity and deteriorates vasomotor functions in vitro. However, the effect on blood and blood vessels may vary depending on the CS preparation. Therefore, the results of experiments conducted with CS preparations should be interpreted with caution.

Predictive Value of Smoking Index Combined with NT-proBNP for Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Chronic Lung Disease: A Retrospective Study

“…Park JM's study proposed that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. 36 Since the toxic substances in cigarette smoke disturb the internal environment of the body, disrupting homeostasis, and since long-term smoking causes inflammatory reactions in the lungs and even the whole body. 27,32 These reactions trigger oxidative stress, releasing large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which also include oxidants produced by inflammation.…”

“…These oxidative stress processes modulate platelet function and alter coagulation. 36 However, the role of coagulation deficits in the development and progression of PH has not yet been elucidated, and whether smoking causes group 3 PH coagulopathy and thus promotes the development of PH requires further investigation.…”

Comparative In Vitro Toxicity Study of Docetaxel and Nanoxel, a Docetaxel-Loaded Micellar Formulation Using Cultured and Blood Cells

“…Erythrocyte suspension was prepared and hemolysis was assessed as previously described (14). Briefly, blood was withdrawn from the abdominal aorta of ether-anesthetized rats and subjected to centrifugation at 1,000 g for 10 min.…”

Subchronic Oral Dose Toxicity Study ofEnterococcus Faecalis2001 (EF 2001) in Mice

“…To confirm the elucidative mechanisms by which Enterococcus Faecalis exerts these effects, the number of leukocyte and lymphocyte was monitored as a hemopoietic action. Furthermore, NK and LAK activity were measured as immunological parameters ( 9 – 11 ).…”