Subchronic Oral Dose Toxicity Study ofEnterococcus Faecalis2001 (EF 2001) in Mice

Abstract

As a part of general toxicity studies of Enterococcus Faecalis 2001 (EF 2001) prepared using heat-treatment bacillus mort body EF 2001 in mice, this study examined the toxicity of EF 2001 in single and repeated administrations following the previous report in order to apply this product to preventive medicine. The safety of oral ingestion of EF 2001 was examined in 6-week-old male and female ICR mice with 1,000 mg/kg, 3,000 mg/kg and 5,000 mg/kg body weight/day administrated by gavage of the maximum acceptable dose of EF 2001. The study was conducted using distilled water as a control following the methods for general toxicity studies described in the “Guidelines for Non-clinical Studies of Pharmaceutical Products 2002”. As a control, 1) observation of general conditions, 2) measurement of body weight, 3) determination of food consumption, 4) determination of water consumption, 5) blood test and urinalysis and 6) pathological examination were performed for the administration of EF 2001. Mice received EF 2001 for 13 weeks and results were compared with those of the control group that received distilled water. The results of the above examinations revealed no significant differences between control and EF 2001 groups for both males and females. Thus, no notable toxicity was confirmed with single and repeated oral administrations of EF 2001. Oral administration in the above doses did not result in abnormal symptoms or death during the observation period. No abnormalities in blood cell count or organ weights were seen. Without any evidence of toxicity to cells and organs, EF 2001 is speculated to not adversely affect living organisms. The 50% lethal dose of EF 2001 with oral administration in mice is estimated to be greater than 5,000 mg/kg body weight/day for both male and female mice. Therefore, LD50 value for animals was 5,000 mg/kg or more.

New Screening for the Development of Radioprotectors: Radioprotection and Anti-Cancer Effect of β-Glucan (Enterococcus faecalis)

“…In addition, macrophages activate NK and LAK cells. Thus, in white blood cells, lymphocytes distinguish between self and non-self, give instructions, and play a central role in the immune response [15][16][17][18][19]. In this study, in the non-irradiated group, the β-glucan group showed an increase in the number of lymphocytes, suggesting an increase in the overall white blood cell count.…”

“…It has been reported that the number of granulocytes increases in response to Petrchenko et al Β-(1-3)-D-glucan. Treatment with β-(1-6)-D-glucan has also been reported to cause macrophage activation, increased T cells, and increased TNF-α and IL-release 8 macrophage activation [16][17][18]. However, intraperitoneal administration of these polysaccharides has also been reported to induce inflammation in the peritoneal cavity due to difficulty in intestinal absorption [20].…”

“…are said to enhance in vivo production of hematopoietic cell growth factor and are effective when administered after exposure. Hematopoietic hormones, such as GM-CSF, are actually post-accidents in Brazil and San Salvador used for exposed people [6].…”

Effect of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 on ethanol-induced acute gastric injury in mice: Protective effect of EF-2001 on acute gastric ulcer

“…19,20 Heat-killed E. faecalis was reported to have a radioprotective effect and antitumor activity in vivo. 21,22 Recently, heat-killed E. faecalis EF-2001 (EF-2001) ameliorated atopic dermatitis and inflammatory bowel disease in murine model due to its immunomodulatory effect, 18,23 implying that EF-2001 may be developed to a potential strategy in treatment for inflammatory diseases. However, to our knowledge, direct evidence for the effect of EF-2001 on EtOHinduced acute gastric ulcer has not been elucidated yet.…”

The Novel Enterococcus Phage vB_EfaS_HEf13 Has Broad Lytic Activity Against Clinical Isolates of Enterococcus faecalis

“…Enterococcus is a genus of Gram-positive, non-sporeforming bacteria that are frequently found in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and vagina (Jett et al, 1994). Although most Enterococcus species are considered to be commensal in humans and animals (Gu et al, 2018), Enterococcus faecalis can act as an opportunistic pathogen causing bacteremia, meningitis, endocarditis, or urinary tract-and wound-related infections (Arias et al, 2010;Weiner et al, 2016). In humans, E. faecalis has been predominantly detected in the root canals of patients with post-treatment apical periodontitis or refractory apical periodontitis, suggesting an etiological role in progression of these diseases (Souto and Colombo, 2008;Vidana et al, 2011).…”