Differential effectiveness of various prior-cuing treatments in the reactivation and maintenance of memory.

Miller, James S.; Jagielo, Joyce A.; Spear, Norman E.

doi:10.1037/0097-7403.17.3.249

Cited by 37 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…This difference in retention occurred entirely in terms of response to the S -, however, with response to the S+ about equal for the two groups. Moreover, their procedures for instrumental appetitive conditioning were obviously much different from those reported by J. S. Miller et al (1991), who did Pavlovian aversive conditioning. In addition, this reinstatement paradigm of Campbell and Randall involved numerous distributed pre-391…”

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confidence: 54%

“…Reactivation treatments have been used to alleviate forgetting that results from many different sources, such as long retention intervals (Gordon, Smith, & Katz, 1979;Spear & Parsons, 1976), short retention intervals (Feldman & Gordon, 1979;Gordon & Feldman, 1978), and electroconvulsive shock (R. R. Miller & Springer, 1973). Reactivation treatments have also been shown to alleviate forgetting in preweanling animals (Campbell & Jaynes, 1966) and in human infants (Rovee-Collier et al, 1980).In a recent series of experiments, J. S. Miller, Jagielo, and Spear (1989Spear ( , 1991 McKinzie for their comments on an early version of the manuscript. We would also like to thank Teri Tanenhaus for secretarial assistance in preparing the manuscript, Norman Richter for technical assistance, and Heather Rabine for assistance in collecting the data.…”

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“…In a recent series of experiments, J. S. Miller, Jagielo, and Spear (1989Spear ( , 1991 McKinzie for their comments on an early version of the manuscript. We would also like to thank Teri Tanenhaus for secretarial assistance in preparing the manuscript, Norman Richter for technical assistance, and Heather Rabine for assistance in collecting the data.…”

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Order and duration of stimuli are important determinants of reactivation

Arnold

Spear

1993

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Prior cuing treatments intended to alleviate the forgetting of a conditioned aversion to an odor were tested with 18-day-old rats. Previous experiments had shown that when such pups were conditioned with the use of a CS-/CS+ procedure, pretest presentation of the CS-or US, but not the CS+, alleviated the forgetting otherwise seen after a 3·h retention interval. In Experiment 1, it was determined that the forgetting was not alleviated if the CS-was either preceded or followed by presentation of the CS+, despite the fact that the CS-/CS+ ordering mimicked that of original conditioning. Experiment 2 was an examination of the balance of extinction and reactivation effects caused by presenting the CS+ for varying durations following the 3·h retention interval. The forgetting over this interval was alleviated if the CS+ was presented for 5 or 15 sec, but not 30 sec. With an increase in duration of exposure from 15 to 30 sec, the consequences of the CS+ as a prior cuing treatment apparently shifted from reactivation to extinction. Experiment 3 was a test of the interaction between the consequences of different lengths of CS+ exposure and the effectiveness of adding CS-to the CS+ as a reactivation treatment. The varied effectiveness of reactivation treatments is discussed in terms of a change in stimulus conditions from training to reactivation.The necessary and sufficient conditions for the alleviation of forgetting remain unsettled in memory research. One effective treatment in the alleviation of forgetting is the presentation of a reminder, or prior cue. Many authors have noted the importance of such procedures, which are typically referred to as reactivation treatments (Gordon, 1981(Gordon, , 1983 Rovee-Collier, Sullivan, Enright, Lucas, & Fagen, 1980;Spear, 1978;Spear, Miller, & Jagielo, 1990;Spear & Parsons, 1976). A reactivation treatment involves exposing the subject to a specified aspect of the original training episode prior to a retention test. Reactivation treatments have been used to alleviate forgetting that results from many different sources, such as long retention intervals (Gordon, Smith, & Katz, 1979;Spear & Parsons, 1976), short retention intervals (Feldman & Gordon, 1979;Gordon & Feldman, 1978), and electroconvulsive shock (R. R. Miller & Springer, 1973). Reactivation treatments have also been shown to alleviate forgetting in preweanling animals (Campbell & Jaynes, 1966) and in human infants (Rovee-Collier et al., 1980).In a recent series of experiments, J. S. Miller, Jagielo, and Spear (1989Spear ( , 1991 McKinzie for their comments on an early version of the manuscript. We would also like to thank Teri Tanenhaus for secretarial assistance in preparing the manuscript, Norman Richter for technical assistance, and Heather Rabine for assistance in collecting the data. Requests for reprints may be addressed to N. E. Spear, Center for Developmental Psychobiology, Binghamtom University, Binghamton, NY 13902. rats were exposed to a lemon odor (CS -) prior to the pairing of a second odor, methyl salicy...

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Order and duration of stimuli are important determinants of reactivation

Arnold

Spear

1993

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…An acquired memory may be reactivated when the organism is re-exposed to one or more elements involved in the acquisition of the original learning experience; among others are redundant contextual cues, contingent presentations of the CS and US, or even the US alone (126)(127)(128)(129)(130)(131)(132)(133). This reactivation effect also has been observed after cineole-ethanol pairings during late prenatal life.…”

Section: Fetal Learning About Ethanol Derived From Maternal Intoxicatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal Learning About Ethanol and Later Ethanol Responsiveness: Evidence Against “Safe” Amounts of Prenatal Exposure

Abate

Pueta

Spear

et al. 2008

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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Near-term fetuses of different mammalian species, including humans, exhibit functional sensory and learning capabilities. The neurobiological literature indicates that the unborn organism processes sensory stimuli present in the amniotic fluid, retains this information for considerable amounts of time, and is also capable of associating such stimuli with biologically relevant events. This research has stimulated studies aimed at the analysis of fetal and neonatal learning about ethanol, a topic that constitutes the core of the present review. Ethanol has characteristic sensory (olfactory, taste, and trigeminal) attributes and can exert pharmacologic reinforcing effects. The studies under examination support the hypothesis that low to moderate levels of maternal ethanol intoxication during late pregnancy set the opportunity for fetal learning about ethanol. These levels of prenatal ethanol exposure do not generate evident morphologic or neurobehavioral alterations in the offspring, but they exert a significant impact upon later ethanol-seeking and intake behaviors. Supported by preclinical and clinical findings, this review contributes to strengthening the case for the ability of prenatal ethanol exposure to have effects on the postnatal organism. Keywords ethanol; fetal learning; associative conditioningThis review analyzes the impact of low to moderate prenatal levels of exposure to ethanol on later responding to ethanol and stimuli associated with ethanol. These levels of ethanol exposure might be viewed as "safe" but nevertheless have negative effects that might not be noticed for many years.We previously reviewed the literature, examining possible associations between early ontogenetic experiences with alcohol and subsequent affinity for ethanol ingestion and sensitivity to its reinforcing effects (postabsorptive consequences that increase behaviors aimed at obtaining ethanol or that generate preferences to stimuli signaling such consequences) (1). This review took into account fetal and infantile experiences involving acute or chronic exposure to ethanol and how they exerted significant effects upon subsequent ethanol 1To whom correspondence should be addressed at Instituto Ferreyra,

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“…The fact that reactivation of the memory trace can be promoted from the reactivation of different memory attributes provides experimental support for a multidimensional conception of the memory trace. It further indicates that the effectiveness of a particular cuing treatment may increase or decrease over time, suggesting that the memory trace is modified as a function of the length of the retention interval (see also J. S. Miller, Jagielo, & Spear, 1991). After each of the studied retention intervals, it appears that the kind of presented features determines the cuing effectiveness more than does the number of presented features.…”

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Coherence of retrieval cues, rather than additivity, determines prior cuing effectiveness in the rat

Gisquet-Verrier

1992

Animal Learning & Behavior

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In previous studies, we have shown that adding a supplementary cue in a prior-cuing treatment may dramatically reduce its initial effectiveness. This series of experiments was aimed at testing the hypothesis that such a lack of additivity among retrieval cues could be due to the combined reactivation of memory attributes related to incompatible behavioral responses. For that purpose, rats were partially trained to reach the lighted arm (light condition; usual training condition) or the darkened arm (dark condition) of a V-maze in order to avoid an electric footshock. The first experiment demonstrates that animals learned the two versions of the task similarly and that an exposure to the light similarly acts as an effective retrieval cue after a 24-h interval. In the second experiment, the effectiveness of exposure to the grid alone and to the light alone as well as to the combined light + grid cue was investigated after a 21-day training-to-test interval in the light condition, where light was related to safety and grid was associated with the shock, and in the dark condition, where both light and grid were related to the shock. The results indicate that whereas the compound light + grid cue was an ineffective retrieval cue in the light condition, it acted as an effective retrieval cue in the dark condition, supporting the hypothesis that coherence between retrieval cues is a necessary condition for effective cuing.

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Differential effectiveness of various prior-cuing treatments in the reactivation and maintenance of memory.

Cited by 37 publications

References 29 publications

Order and duration of stimuli are important determinants of reactivation

Order and duration of stimuli are important determinants of reactivation

Fetal Learning About Ethanol and Later Ethanol Responsiveness: Evidence Against “Safe” Amounts of Prenatal Exposure

Coherence of retrieval cues, rather than additivity, determines prior cuing effectiveness in the rat

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