2008
DOI: 10.3181/0703-mr-69
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Fetal Learning About Ethanol and Later Ethanol Responsiveness: Evidence Against “Safe” Amounts of Prenatal Exposure

Abstract: Near-term fetuses of different mammalian species, including humans, exhibit functional sensory and learning capabilities. The neurobiological literature indicates that the unborn organism processes sensory stimuli present in the amniotic fluid, retains this information for considerable amounts of time, and is also capable of associating such stimuli with biologically relevant events. This research has stimulated studies aimed at the analysis of fetal and neonatal learning about ethanol, a topic that constitute… Show more

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Cited by 66 publications
(81 citation statements)
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“…However, since in that study the familiarization procedure involved the ingestion of relatively large amounts of ethanol, sufficient to induce pharmacological effects, it may be concluded that the reported effect was the consequence of an appetitive association between ethanol's flavor and its reinforcing properties, rather than solely an effect of familiarization. Likewise, when comparing the present results with those of studies involving prenatal ethanol exposure in which increased intake, enhanced palatability and even odor preference were observed (Abate et al, 2008;Chotro et al, 2007Chotro et al, , 2009Spear & Molina, 2005;Youngentob & Glendinning, 2009), it remains clear that in all those studies the experience with ethanol necessarily involved a reinforcer in addition to ethanol's flavor.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 69%
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“…However, since in that study the familiarization procedure involved the ingestion of relatively large amounts of ethanol, sufficient to induce pharmacological effects, it may be concluded that the reported effect was the consequence of an appetitive association between ethanol's flavor and its reinforcing properties, rather than solely an effect of familiarization. Likewise, when comparing the present results with those of studies involving prenatal ethanol exposure in which increased intake, enhanced palatability and even odor preference were observed (Abate et al, 2008;Chotro et al, 2007Chotro et al, , 2009Spear & Molina, 2005;Youngentob & Glendinning, 2009), it remains clear that in all those studies the experience with ethanol necessarily involved a reinforcer in addition to ethanol's flavor.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 69%
“…In another study with rat fetuses, no differential responsiveness to a mint flavor was found after analyzing eleven behavioral categories of the fetal response as a function of familiarity (Smotherman & Robinson, 1985). With the flavor of ethanol, which is a complex stimulus with gustatory, olfactory and irritant components, it has been found that prenatal exposure induces increased intake and/or enhanced palatability of ethanol in infant and older rats (Abate, Pueta, Spear, & Molina, 2008;Chotro, Arias, & Laviola, 2007;Youngentob & Glendinning, 2009) (Chotro, Arias, & Spear, 2009). Although in most of this research exposure to ethanol also involved the presence of reinforcing consequences, it should be pointed out that when the contiguity of ethanol's flavor with reinforcement was explicitly avoided, no changes were observed either in ethanol consumption (Arias & Chotro, 2006;Chotro & Alonso, 2003;Chotro & Arias, 2003;Chotro et al, 2009) or in reactivity to its flavor (Arias & Chotro, 2005;Dominguez, Chotro, & Molina, 1993;Molina & Chotro, 1991).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Bonferroni post-hoc tests showed that babies born to frequent drinkers and primarily stimulated with ethanol had , suckling and smiling). Lower panels depict frequency of each specific behavior across testing trials (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11), olfactory sequence (EtOH-Lem-EtoH or Lem-EtOH-Lem) and maternal drinking habits (infrequent or frequent). Appropriate MANOVAs indicated that in the case of tongue protrusion, babies frequently exposed to ethanol during gestation and tested primarily with ethanol odor (EtOH-Lem-EtOH) exhibited significantly higher levels of this facial expression when compared to newborns delivered by infrequent drinkers.…”
Section: Appetitive Respondingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Furthermore, during developmental stages analogous to the second and third gestational trimester in humans, rats acquire appetitive associative memories comprising salient olfactory stimuli and ethanol's or acetaldehyde's reinforcing effects [11,20,21]. Hence, early familiarity with ethanol's sensory cues or the association of these stimuli with the drug's reinforcing effects has been proposed as two congenital mechanisms that determine or modulate subsequent ethanol preference or drinking patterns [8][9][10][11].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 98%
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