Differential Diagnosis: Assets and Liabilities

Hartman, Robert

doi:10.1177/002246697300700408

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…One can picture (translated) proteins first serving to facilitate nucleic acid-defined functions, and later those proteins evolving to assume those functions outright. Also, some of the RNA components of early cells could subsequently have been recruited into new roles (6). Translation would seem to be an intermediate case, where functionality defined by RNA clearly still exists, but it seems facilitated if not enabled by proteins (32).…”

Section: When Did the Evolution Of Modern Cells Begin?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because endosymbiosis has given rise to the chloroplast and mitochondrion, what else could it have done in the more remote past? Biologists have long toyed with an endosymbiotic (or cellular fusion) origin for the eukaryotic nucleus, and even for the entire eukaryotic cell (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). These classical explanations have three characteristics: they (i) invoke cells that are basically fully evolved; (ii) evolve the essential eukaryotic cell well after its archaeal and bacterial counterparts (as has always been connoted by the term ''prokaryote''); and (iii) focus attention on eukaryotic cellular evolution, which implies that the evolutions of the ''prokaryotic'' cell types, the archaeal and bacterial, are of a different character-simpler, and, it would seem, less interesting.…”

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confidence: 99%

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On the evolution of cells

Woese

2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

679

472

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A theory for the evolution of cellular organization is presented. The model is based on the (data supported) conjecture that the dynamic of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is primarily determined by the organization of the recipient cell. Aboriginal cell designs are taken to be simple and loosely organized enough that all cellular componentry can be altered and͞or displaced through HGT, making HGT the principal driving force in early cellular evolution. Primitive cells did not carry a stable organismal genealogical trace. Primitive cellular evolution is basically communal. The high level of novelty required to evolve cell designs is a product of communal invention, of the universal HGT field, not intralineage variation. It is the community as a whole, the ecosystem, which evolves. The individual cell designs that evolved in this way are nevertheless fundamentally distinct, because the initial conditions in each case are somewhat different. As a cell design becomes more complex and interconnected a critical point is reached where a more integrated cellular organization emerges, and vertically generated novelty can and does assume greater importance. This critical point is called the ''Darwinian Threshold'' for the reasons given.

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Section: When Did the Evolution Of Modern Cells Begin?mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the evolution of cells

Woese

2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

679

472

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A Merger of Categories

Lilly

1977

J Learn Disabil

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This article examines the background and current status o f attempts to define the term "learning disabilities," and concludes that resolution o f the problem by continued search for a consummate definition of LD is unrealistic. A n alternate procedure is outlined: Tliefocus is on description of essential school problems which lead to referral, and determination through a staffing conference whether the problems require special education services. A merger of the categories of learning disabilities, emotional disturbance (as represented by behnvior disorders in the schools), and educable mental retardation is proposed, and an experimental state reimbursement system for special education services based on such a merger is outlined.The purpose of this paper is to examine a relatively new area of special education which has assumed major importance over the last 15 years, "learning disabilities,,' and the implications for all of special education of the emergence of an LD category. The primary focus of the paper will be on an analysis and resolution of the problems of definition in an area which

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Learning Disability and Cultural-Economic Disadvantage: The Case for a Relationship

Kavale

1980

Learning Disability Quarterly

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A case is presented to reveal the existence of a relationship between learning disabilities and cultural-economic disadvantage. Evidence from a variety of sources is presented suggesting that the problem is most properly viewed as a complex interrelationship among the phenomena of learning disabilities, brain dysfunction, and cultural-economic disadvantage. The arguments presented reveal a strong association between learning disabilities and cultural-economic disadvantage. A comparison of the learning disabled and culturally disadvantaged groups in terms of symptomatology found them to be more alike than different. Finally, the question is asked as to why disadvantaged children are excluded from service within the learning disability framework. A reexamination of the relationship is called for since the services provided learning disabled children appear appropriate for meeting the educational needs of culturally-economically disadvantaged children.

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Differential Diagnosis: Assets and Liabilities

Cited by 4 publications

References 10 publications

On the evolution of cells

On the evolution of cells

A Merger of Categories

Learning Disability and Cultural-Economic Disadvantage: The Case for a Relationship

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