Differential Architecture of Multisynaptic Geniculo-Cortical Pathways to V4 and MT

Ninomiya, Taihei; Sawamura, Hiromasa; Inoue, Ken

doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr078

Cited by 22 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…As neither area 46v nor SEF directly projects to MT or V4, neuronal labeling in these areas at the 3 d postinjection period verifies the trans-synaptic transport of rabies virus. Furthermore, the internal control tested in our laboratory (Miyachi et al, 2005) and the consistency of labeling patterns in V1 with previous data Ninomiya et al, 2011) indicate that neuronal labeling in area 46v and SEF is ascribable to the second-order labeling occurring at the 3 d postinjection period. However, there may exist the possibility that some weak disynaptic connections remain unlabeled with the 3 d survival time.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…By evaluating transneuronal labeling in the cortico-basal and cerebro-cerebellar loop circuits, we concluded that it takes ϳ2 d for first-order neuron labeling and one additional day per one synapse for subsequent transneuronal labeling. Moreover, the laminar distribution of neuronal labeling in V1 was analyzed in our recent study to confirm consistency with other studies on the same visual system by means of rabies virus Ninomiya et al, 2011). The titer of a viral suspension was 1.4 ϫ 10 8 focus-forming units/ ml.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Details of the injection sites have been described previously (Ninomiya et al, 2011). It should be noted here that monkeys MT-a, MT-b, V4-a, and V4-b in the present study correspond to monkeys MT-3a, MT-3c, V4 -3a, and V4 -3b in this previous work, respectively.…”

Section: Injection Sites Of Rabies Virus In Mt and V4supporting

confidence: 62%

“…Details of the procedures for surgery, electrophysiological mapping, tracer injections, and histology were described previously (Ninomiya et al, 2011). Two additional monkeys with the 4 d survival period were also available as shown in the previous study, but data obtained in these monkeys were only briefly referred to in the present study for the following reasons.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coronal or parasagittal sections were cut serially at 60 m thickness on a freezing microtome. In the case of rabies injections, a series of every sixth section was immunohistochemically stained for rabies virus with the standard avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC) method as described previously (Miyachi et al, 2005;Ninomiya et al, 2011). Briefly, the sections were immersed in 1% skim milk for 1 h and incubated overnight at 4°C with rabbit anti-rabies antibody (diluted at 1:10,000; Inoue et al, 2003) in 0.1 M PBS containing 0.1% Triton X-100 and 1% normal goat serum.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Segregated Pathways Carrying Frontally Derived Top-Down Signals to Visual Areas MT and V4 in Macaques

Ninomiya¹,

Sawamura²,

Inoue³

et al. 2012

J. Neurosci.

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The bottom-up processing of visual information is strongly influenced by top-down signals, at least part of which is thought to be conveyed from the frontal cortex through the frontal eye field (FEF) and the lateral intraparietal area (LIP). Here we investigated the architecture of multisynaptic pathways from the frontal cortex to the middle temporal area (MT) of the dorsal visual stream and visual area 4 (V4) of the ventral visual stream in macaques. In the first series of experiments, the retrograde trans-synaptic tracer, rabies virus, was injected into MT or V4. Three days after rabies injections, the second-order (disynaptically connected) neuron labeling appeared in the ventral part of area 46 (area 46v), along with the first-order (monosynaptically connected) neuron labeling in FEF and LIP. In the MT-injection case, second-order neurons were also observed in the supplementary eye field (SEF). In the next series of experiments, double injections of two fluorescent dyes, fast blue and diamidino yellow, were made into MT and V4 to examine whether the frontal inputs are mediated by distinct or common neuronal populations. Virtually no double-labeled neurons were observed in FEF or LIP, indicating that separate neuronal populations mediate the frontal inputs to MT and V4. The present results define that the multisynaptic frontal input to V4 arises primarily from area 46v, whereas the input to MT arises from not only area 46v but also SEF, through distinct FEF and LIP neurons. Segregated pathways from the frontal cortex possibly carry the functionally diverse top-down signals to each visual stream.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Injection Sites Of Rabies Virus In Mt and V4supporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Segregated Pathways Carrying Frontally Derived Top-Down Signals to Visual Areas MT and V4 in Macaques

Ninomiya¹,

Sawamura²,

Inoue³

et al. 2012

J. Neurosci.

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Lack of robust LGN label following transneuronal rabies virus injections into macaque area V4

Lyon

Rabideau

2012

J of Comparative Neurology

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In primates, retinal inputs are relayed through the magno- and parvocells of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) indirectly to extrastriate visual cortex. The most direct pathway identified to the extrastriate cortex is a disynaptic one that provides robust magno- and parvocellular inputs to the middle temporal area (MT). The inclusion of parvocells in this projection is somewhat surprising because of their importance for color and form vision, whereas MT is more strictly tuned to velocity. This raises the question of whether areas more involved in color and form processing, such as V4, receive similar projections. We report here on experiments that use rabies virus injections into V4 to retrogradely label mono- and disynaptic inputs. We find only a small number of labeled neurons in the LGN in a pattern consistent with monosynaptic labeling of koniocells, rather than disynaptic labeling of magno- and parvocells. The lack of robust magno- and parvocellular label was not due to ineffective viral transport because in the same cases we find hundreds of neurons labeled in the thalamic reticular nucleus, a structure that can only be labeled disynaptically from the cortex. We also find a complete absence of neurons labeled in V1, but thousands in adjacent areas V2 and V3. This result helps explain the absence of labeled magno- and parvocells in the LGN because disynaptic transport from an extrastriate visual area should require a relay through V1. Taken together, these results suggest that ascending magno/parvocellular inputs to V4 are more hierarchically organized than the relatively direct inputs to MT.

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Feedforward and feedback connections and their relation to the cytox modules of V2 in Cebus monkeys

Nascimento‐Silva

Pinõn

Soares

et al. 2014

J of Comparative Neurology

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To study the circuitry related to the ventral stream of visual information processing and its relation to the cytochrome oxidase (CytOx) modules in visual area V2, we injected anterograde and retrograde cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) tracer into nine sites in area V4 in five Cebus apella monkeys. The injection site locations ranged from 2° to 10° eccentricity in the lower visual field representation of V4. Alternate cortical sections, cut tangentially to the pial surface or in the coronal plane, were stained for CTb immunocytochemistry or for CytOx histochemistry or for Nissl. Our results indicate that the V4-projecting cells and terminal-like labeling were located in interstripes and thin CytOx-rich stripes and avoided the CytOx-rich thick stripes in V2. The feedforward projecting cell bodies in V2 were primarily located in the supragranular layers and sparsely located in the infragranular layers, whereas the feedback projections (i.e., the terminal-like labels) were located in the supra- and infragranular layers. V4 injections of CTb resulted in labeling of the thin stripes and interstripes of V2 and provided an efficient method of distinguishing the V2 modules that were related to the ventral stream from the CytOx-rich thick stripes, related to the dorsal stream. In V2, there was a significant heterogeneity in the distribution of projections: feedforward projections were located in CytOx-rich thin stripes and in the CytOx-poor interstripes, whereas the feedback projections were more abundant in the thin stripes than in the interstripes. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3091–3105, 2014.

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Differential Architecture of Multisynaptic Geniculo-Cortical Pathways to V4 and MT

Cited by 22 publications

References 65 publications

Segregated Pathways Carrying Frontally Derived Top-Down Signals to Visual Areas MT and V4 in Macaques

Segregated Pathways Carrying Frontally Derived Top-Down Signals to Visual Areas MT and V4 in Macaques

Lack of robust LGN label following transneuronal rabies virus injections into macaque area V4

Feedforward and feedback connections and their relation to the cytox modules of V2 in Cebus monkeys

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