Different roles of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin in different subtypes of nasal polyps

Cheng, Ke‐Jia; Wang, Shenqing; Xu, Yingying

doi:10.3892/etm.2016.3951

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…In 100% of patients with aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), specific IgE anti SAE [ 25 ] was found in polyp homogenates. In the case of the neutrophilic (non-eosinophilic) endotype of CRSwNP in Chinese population, the concentrations of staphylococcal superantigens and specific IgE are significantly lower than in the case of the eosinophilic endotype of rhinosinusitis, and mainly play the infectious role [ 26 , 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriological analysis of selected phenotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis with co-existing asthma, allergy and hypersensitivity to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Stryjewska-Makuch¹,

Janik²,

Klamińska-Cebula³

et al. 2021

pdia

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Introduction: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is one of the commonest chronic diseases. It is a systemic disease caused by many factors, including bacterial infections. There are two main types of CRS phenotypes: with polyps (CRSwNP) and without polyps (CRSsNP). Aim: Analysis of sinus mucosal microbiome in patients with CRS depending on the phenotype. Investigating a possible link between the type of bacterial flora and the coexistence of diseases present in the CRS (asthma, allergy or hypersensitivity to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as well as the number of performed operations. Material and methods: The authors conducted a retrospective study of the bacterial flora of the nasal cavity in patients with CRS operated endoscopically from March 2016 to June 2017. The study consisted od 222 women and 248 men. On the basis of an endoscopic examination, patients were qualified for the phenotype with or without polyps. Based on the medical interview patients were divided into group with asthma, allergy, NSAID hypersensitivity, first and repeated operations. The statistical analysis was made. Results: There is no statistically significant relationship (p = 0.8519) between the CRS penotypes. In the group with CRSsNP, a statistically significant relationship was found between the observed flora and the coexistence of asthma (p = 0.0409), a trend towards significance was also noticed in the case of allergy (p = 0.0947). There was no relationship between the flora and NSAID hypersensitivity (p = 0.7356). In the group of CRSwNP patients, no statistically significant relationship was found between the observed bacterial flora and the presence of asthma (p = 0.7393), hypersensitivity to drugs (p = 0.1509) or allergy (p = 0.7427). There is no statistical significance between the occurrence of particular flora and the multiplicity of operations in both the CRSwNP (p = 0.4609) and CRSsNP phenotypes (p = 0.2469). Conclusions: Gram-positive cocci were equally common in CRSwNP and CRSsNP. In the CRSsNP, there was a correlation between the coexistence of asthma and allergy, and the presence of Gram-positive cocci. There was no statistical significance between the occurrence of particular flora and the multiplicity of operations in both CRS phenotypes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriological analysis of selected phenotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis with co-existing asthma, allergy and hypersensitivity to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Stryjewska-Makuch¹,

Janik²,

Klamińska-Cebula³

et al. 2021

pdia

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“…Human ILC2s, driven by GATA3 [63], can produce at least small amounts of IL-4 [64][65][66][67], and the stimulation of adult human ILC2s with IL-33 in combination with IL-2 or IL-7 induces release of . This may result in increased IgE production without antigen specificity, comprising hundreds of functional IgE specificities and contributing to often very high total tissue IgE levels [48], along with pronounced eosinophilic inflammation (type 2 inflammation) [50,69] The functionality of SE-IgE antibodies from nasal polyp tissue has been repeatedly demonstrated, using mast cell and basophil activation or the promotion of IgE-facilitated allergen binding to B cells (IgE-FAB) [48,70]. Interestingly, in nasal polyps, high concentrations of both IgE and IgG antibodies can be found.…”

Section: Role Of Splsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureusand its IgE-inducing enterotoxins in asthma: current knowledge

et al. 2020

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While immunoglobulin (Ig) E is a prominent biomarker for early-onset, its levels are often elevated in non-allergic late-onset asthma. However, the pattern of IgE expression in the latter is mostly polyclonal, with specific IgEs low or below detection level albeit with an increased total IgE. In late-onset severe asthma patients, specific IgE to Staphylococcal enterotoxins (se-IgE) can frequently be detected in serum, and has been associated with asthma, with severe asthma defined by hospitalisations, oral steroid use and decrease in lung function. Recently, se-IgE was demonstrated to even predict the development into severe asthma with exacerbations over the next decade. Staphylococcus aureus manipulates the airway mucosal immunology at various levels via its proteins, including superantigens, serine-protease-like proteins (Spls), or protein A (SpA) and possibly others. Release of IL-33 from respiratory epithelium and activation of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) via its receptor ST2, type 2 cytokine release from those ILCs and T helper (Th) 2 cells, mast cell degranulation, massive local B-cell activation and IgE formation, and finally eosinophil attraction with consequent release of extracellular traps, adding to the epithelial damage and contributing to disease persistence via formation of Charcot–Leyden crystals are the most prominent hallmarks of the manipulation of the mucosal immunity by S. aureus. In summary, S. aureus claims a prominent role in the orchestration of severe airway inflammation and in current and future disease severity. In this review, we discuss current knowledge in this field and outline the needs for future research to fully understand the impact of S. aureus and its proteins on asthma.

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“…It has been suggested that type 2 inflammation is triggered by S. aureus via Toll-like receptor 2, which is a pattern recognition receptor [ 60 , 61 , 62 ]. Studies have also been shown that the Asian CRSwNP population has more type 2 low inflammation, and CRSwNP tissue of Asian patients present lower superantigen effects [ 63 , 64 ].…”

Section: The Role Of Antibodies In Airway Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monoclonal Antibodies and Airway Diseases

Lyly

Laulajainen‐Hongisto

Gevaert

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Monoclonal antibodies, biologics, are a relatively new treatment option for severe chronic airway diseases, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). In this review, we focus on the physiological and pathomechanisms of monoclonal antibodies, and we present recent study results regarding their use as a therapeutic option against severe airway diseases. Airway mucosa acts as a relative barrier, modulating antigenic stimulation and responding to environmental pathogen exposure with a specific, self-limited response. In severe asthma and/or CRS, genome–environmental interactions lead to dysbiosis, aggravated inflammation, and disease. In healthy conditions, single or combined type 1, 2, and 3 immunological response pathways are invoked, generating cytokine, chemokine, innate cellular and T helper (Th) responses to eliminate viruses, helminths, and extracellular bacteria/fungi, correspondingly. Although the pathomechanisms are not fully known, the majority of severe airway diseases are related to type 2 high inflammation. Type 2 cytokines interleukins (IL) 4, 5, and 13, are orchestrated by innate lymphoid cell (ILC) and Th subsets leading to eosinophilia, immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses, and permanently impaired airway damage. Monoclonal antibodies can bind or block key parts of these inflammatory pathways, resulting in less inflammation and improved disease control.

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Different roles of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin in different subtypes of nasal polyps

Cited by 11 publications

References 35 publications

Bacteriological analysis of selected phenotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis with co-existing asthma, allergy and hypersensitivity to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Bacteriological analysis of selected phenotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis with co-existing asthma, allergy and hypersensitivity to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Staphylococcus aureusand its IgE-inducing enterotoxins in asthma: current knowledge

Monoclonal Antibodies and Airway Diseases

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