Giant osteomas of the ethmoid and frontal sinuses ary very rare, with only a few dozen cases reported in the literature. Given their rarity, the clinical characteristics and treatment of this disease remain controversial. In this study, the clinical presentation and surgical methods used to treat three patients with giant osteomas of the ethmoid and frontal sinuses are described, combined with a review of the literature from 1975 to 2011. In total, 45 patients with giant osteomas arising from the ethmoid and frontal sinuses (including the present cases) have been reported in 41 articles. Headache and ocular signs are the most common symptoms. This disease often leads to intracranial or intraorbital complications. The main treatment for giant osteoma is surgery via an external approach. The outcome of surgery for giant osteoma is good, with rare recurrence, no malignant transformation and few persistent symptoms.
Nanoparticle structural parameters, such as size, surface
chemistry,
and shape, are well-recognized parameters that affect biological activities
of nanoparticles. However, whether the core material of a nanoparticle
also plays a role remains unknown. To answer this long-standing question,
we synthesized and investigated a comprehensive library of 36 nanoparticles
with all combinations of three types of core materials (Au, Pt, and
Pd), two sizes (6 and 26 nm), and each conjugated with one of six
surface ligands of different hydrophobicity. Using this systematic
approach, we were able to identify cellular perturbation specifically
attributed to core, size, or surface ligand. We discovered that core
materials exhibited a comparable regulatory ability as surface ligand
on cellular ROS generation and cytotoxicity. Pt nanoparticles were
much more hydrophilic and showed much less cell uptake compared to
Au and Pd nanoparticles with identical size, shape, and surface ligands.
Furthermore, diverse core materials also regulated levels of cellular
redox activities, resulting in different cytotoxicity. Specifically,
Pd nanoparticles significantly reduced cellular H2O2 and promoted cell survival, while Au nanoparticles with identical
size, shape, and surface ligand induced higher cellular oxidative
stress and cytotoxicity. Our results demonstrate that nanoparticle
core material is as important as other structural parameters in nanoparticle–cell
interactions, making it also a necessary consideration when designing
nanomedicines.
Laryngeal tuberculosis may occur even without pulmonary tuberculosis, and the characteristics of the lesions appear to be more nonspecific. It is important to consider tuberculosis in the differential diagnosis of laryngeal disease.
The present study provides the first evidence that LAR exists in Chinese subjects. This study also suggests that eosinophils and ECP take part in the pathogenesis of NAR. A local examination for ECP and specific IgE in nasal lavage fluid or secretions in patients with LAR should be performed in a future study.
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