“…Moreover, the immobilization of cellulase has been achieved based on physical adsorption, covalent binding, or affinity interactions ( Zang et al, 2014 ; Hosseini et al, 2018 ; Zhang and Hay, 2019 ), including carrier-binding, microemulsion-based organo-gels (MBGs), ultrasonic encapsulation, crosslinking, entrapment, glutathione-labeling, and chelation ( Mroczkiewicz et al, 2012 ; Nicoletti et al, 2015 ). However, enzymes often display drastically lower activity in organic solvents than in water, and the water layer on the molecular surface of enzymes determines their activity in organic media ( Zhang et al, 2012 ).…”