Differences in some clinical and laboratory parameters in acute salpingitis related to culture and serologic findings

Effect of time since exposure toChlamydia trachomatison chlamydia antibody detection in women: a cross-sectional study

“…10 12 Few studies have looked at decline in antibody titre over time since infection 10 17. The presence of chlamydia PID is associated with high antibody titres, which might be expected to remain detectable as the time since infection lengthens 18 19. Although our data do not show that such women are more likely to be antibody-positive, the numbers are small and we cannot exclude this possibility.…”

The Associations Between Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Trichomonas vaginalis Infection, and Positive Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Serology

“…Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and endogenous facultative and anaerobic bacteria are frequently isolated from the upper genital tract of women with acute PID, but often times no putative etiologic agent is recovered. 2 Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) has been detected in the endometrium and fallopian tubes of women with acute PID, 3 but its role in PID pathogenesis remains largely unexplored. Prior investigations that suggested a possible association between HSV-2 and PID include a 1990 case-control study that found ectopic pregnancies were significantly more common among women with HSV-2, 4 and a 2003 cross-sectional study that found women with a self-reported history of PID were approximately 63 times more likely to be HSV-2-seropositive than women who denied such history.…”

The threat of untreatable gonorrhoea: implications and consequences for reproductive and sexual morbidity

“…In turn, repeated episodes of pelvic inflammatory disease can lead to increased risk of ectopic pregnancy and infertility. 37 This was demonstrated in Swedish studies, where it was found that tubal infertility occurred in 11% of women following a single episode of pelvic inflammatory disease, in 23% after two episodes and in 54% of women who had three or more episodes. 35,36 In addition to genital infection, both men and women can be exposed to oral and/or anal gonococcal infections, which tend to be largely asymptomatic.…”