The Associations Between Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Trichomonas vaginalis Infection, and Positive Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Serology

Cherpes, Thomas L.; Wiesenfeld, Harold C.; Melan, Melissa A.; Kant, Jeffrey A.; Cosentino, Lisa A.; Meyn, Leslie A.; Hillier, Sharon L.

doi:10.1097/01.olq.0000218869.52753.c7

Cited by 113 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The infection has been associated with serious health consequences including adverse pregnancy outcomes (Cotch et al, 1997), acute infections associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (Cherpes et al, 2006), increased risks of infertility (Goldstein et al, 1993), and facilitation of HIV infection acquisition (Van Der Pol et al, 2008). So far, 5-nitroimidazole drugs have been used in the treatment of trichomonosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Trichomonas vaginalisproperties of the oil ofAmomum tsao-koand its major component, geraniol

Dai

Peng

et al. 2015

Pharmaceutical Biology

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Context: Trichomonosis, caused by the flagellate protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease (STD) and 5-nitroimidazole drugs are used for the treatment. However, a growing number of T. vaginalis isolates are resistant to these drugs, which make it becomes an urgent issue. Objective: The current study was designed to evaluate the anti-T. vaginalis activity of the essential oil from A. tsao-ko used in traditional Chinese medicine and as a spice and its main component, geraniol. Materials and methods:The anti-T. vaginalis activities of A. tsao-ko essential oil and geraniol were evaluated by the minimum lethal concentration (MLC) and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) in vitro. The morphological changes of T. vaginalis were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additionally, sub-MLC concentration treatment with sub-MLC A. tsao-ko essential oil and geraniol was also performed. Results: This study shows that MLC/IC 50 of A. tsao-ko essential oil was 44.97 mg/ml/22.49 mg/ml for T. vaginalis isolate Tv1, and 89.93 mg/ml/44.97 mg/ml for T. vaginalis isolate Tv2. Those of geraniol were 342.96 mg/ml/171.48 mg/ml, respectively. After A. tsao-ko essential oil or geraniol treatment, obvious similar morphological changes of T. vaginalis were observed by TEM: the nuclear membrane was damaged, nuclei were dissolved, and the chromatin was accumulated; in the cytoplasm, numerous vacuoles appeared, rough endoplasmic reticulum dilated, the number of ribosomes were reduced, organelles disintegrated, the cell membrane was partially damaged, with cytoplasmic leakage, and cell disintegration was observed. The action time did not increase the effect of A. tsao-ko essential oil or geraniol against T. vaginalis, as no significant difference was observed after sub-MLC concentration treatment for 1, 3, and 5 h with A. tsao-ko essential oil and geraniol. Discussion and conclusion: The study describes the first report on the activity and morphological changes of A. tsao-ko essential oil and geraniol against T. vaginalis. The results obtained herein presented new opportunities for antitrichomonal drugs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Trichomonas vaginalisproperties of the oil ofAmomum tsao-koand its major component, geraniol

Dai

Peng

et al. 2015

Pharmaceutical Biology

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“…There are 160-180 million cases occurring each year worldwide [1]. Trichomonosis has been associated with serious health consequences for women, including adverse pregnancy outcomes [2], infertility [3], predisposition to cervical cancer [4], and pelvic inflammatory disease [5]. The infection among men is a recognized cause of urethritis, and complications such as prostatitis, epididymitis, and infertility have been described [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of purinergic signaling on nitric oxide production by neutrophils stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis

Frasson

Carli

Bonan

et al. 2011

Purinergic Signalling

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Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasite from the human urogenital tract that causes trichomonosis, the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted disease. The neutrophil infiltration has been considered to be primarily responsible for cytological changes observed at infection site, and the chemoattractants can play an important role in this leukocytic recruitment. Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most widespread mediator compounds, and it is implicated in modulation of immunological mechanisms. Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides are signaling molecules involved in several processes, including immune responses and control of leukocyte trafficking. Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase members, ecto-5′-nucleotidase, and adenosine deaminase (ectoADA) have been characterized in T. vaginalis. Herein, we investigated the effects of purinergic system on NO production by neutrophils stimulated with T. vaginalis. The trophozoites were able to induce a high NO synthesis by neutrophils through iNOS pathway. The extracellular nucleotides ATP, ADP, and ATPγS (a nonhydrolyzable ATP analog) showed no significant change in NO secretion. In contrast, adenosine and its degradation product, inosine, promoted a low production of the compound. The immunosuppressive effect of adenosine upon NO release by neutrophils occurred due to adenosine A 2A receptor activation. The ecto-5′-nucleotidase activity displayed by T. vaginalis was shown to be important in adenosine generation, indicating the efficiency of purinergic cascade. Our data suggest the influence of purinergic signaling, specifically adenosinergic system, on NO production by neutrophils in T. vaginalis infection, contributing to the immunological aspects of disease.

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“…Microorganisms can also be introduced into the endometrium iatrogenically, during gynaecological investigations and treatment (Kiviat et al 1990). PID results from ascension of microorganisms from the vagina to the upper genital tract (Holmes, 1984) causing post-infectious inflammation with potentially long-term sequelae including tubal infertility, ectopic pregnancy and pelvic pain (Cherpes et al, 2006). Reportedly, up to 20% of women will be rendered infertile following a single diagnosis of PID (Westrom et al, 1992) increasing to 50% following multiple episodes (Westrom et al, 1980).…”

Section: Infections Of the Female Upper Genital Tract (The Endometriumentioning

confidence: 99%

Tubal Damage, Infertility and Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy: Chlamydia trachomatis and Other Microbial Aetiologies

Hafner¹,

Pelzer²

2011

Ectopic Pregnancy - Modern Diagnosis and Management

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The Associations Between Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Trichomonas vaginalis Infection, and Positive Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Serology

Abstract: Our analyses demonstrate that T. vaginalis infection and positive HSV-2 serology are associated with endometritis. Further work will be needed to determine the specific roles these pathogens may play in pelvic inflammatory disease pathogenesis.

Cited by 113 publications

References 31 publications

Anti-Trichomonas vaginalisproperties of the oil ofAmomum tsao-koand its major component, geraniol

Anti-Trichomonas vaginalisproperties of the oil ofAmomum tsao-koand its major component, geraniol

Involvement of purinergic signaling on nitric oxide production by neutrophils stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis

Tubal Damage, Infertility and Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy: Chlamydia trachomatis and Other Microbial Aetiologies

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