Differences in kinematic parameters between male and female hammer throw finalists of the World Championship in Daegu in 2011

Abstract

Background and Study Aim. Hammer throwing is the most complex athletic throwing discipline with rotational trajectory and strong effect of several different forces that try to disable the projected throwing trajectory. Kinematic parameters are an important segment in the analysis of athletic disciplines, including hammer throw. They are an indicator of influence and often a difference between competitors of different or the same rank of the competition.
 The aim of the study was to determine the spatial and temporal differences of kinematic parameters between male and female elite hammers.
 Material and Methods. The study was conducted on sample of 16 Daegu World Championship finalists in 2011, to analyse differences in kinematic parameters between male and female throwers hammer. To obtain the required results, t-test for small independent samples was applied.
 Results. The data obtained in the study were given as Mean and Standard deviation. Statistically significant differences between male and female finalists were confirmed in the rate of ejection (t=3.684; p<0.004) and the speed of the fourth turn (t=4.396; p<0.002). The male finalists achieved an average ejection velocity of 27.91m/s and the female finalists 27.17m/s, with an average turn speed of 4.67m/s (male) and 4.03m/s (female).
 Conclusions. The research has shown that significant differences were made between male and female finalists in Daegu in 2011. The causes of differences can be found in length of training, different training process, technical mastery, competitor experience, morphological profile, motor and anatomical structures, movement technique and biomechanical parameters, which were not taken into the research.

Differences of Results between Women’s and between Men’s Finalists in the Running, Jumping and Throwing Disciplines of the Finalists of the World Championships

“…Research by [20] on the sample of finalists of the championship in London shows the existence of differences in kinematic parameters by gender, with isolated ejection height which confirmed the statistical significance, where male finalists throw a hammer from an average height of 1.74 cm height 1.54cm. In the current research, it can be concluded that the height of the ejection followed by the speed of rotation (more than 4.5 m/s) and the ejection speed (higher than 27 m/s) has an impact on the overall result, which is in line with the results of the [21]. The resulting differences between the throwing of the ball and the hammer of male and female finalists can be found in the length of training, different training process, technical mastery, experience of competitors, morphological profile, motor and anatomical structures, technical and biomechanical parameters.…”

“…In that case, the neuromuscular coordination and control of the athlete comes to the fore, taking into account the synchronized realization of a large number of kinematic parameters. In general, these parameters differ depending on the gender of the competitors, their motor and technical experience, which is confirmed by the results of the research [17]. Identical conclusions that support the results of this research apply to the so-called long jumps (long, triple jump) which record significant differences in kinematic parameters, and are predictors of good results, and possible differences in running speed on a given section during the run, lengths of the first, second and third step, bounce duration, vertical speed, bounce angle, etc.…”

“…The finalists in Berlin were shown to have a shorter average contact phase time (jump, step, jump) than the finalists in Daegu. Some authors [17] examine the differences of defined kinematic parameters in the discipline Pole vault between male and female finalists of the World Championship Daegu, 2011. A total of nine kinematic parameters were analyzed and the results showed statistical significant differences in 89% of parameters.…”

“…Using adequate statistical procedures, differences were recorded in 80% of parameters (ejection speed p<0.05), ejection height (p<0.01), body height (p<0.01), body weight (t = 7.246; p<0.01), except in the ejection angle (p<0.01; 0.05). Some authors [19] determine the spatial and temporal differences of kinematic parameters in javelin throw between male and female finalists of the 2009 and 2011 World Championships. The sample included a total of 32 competitors in both categories.…”

“…The results confirmed differences in most of the measured parameters, while statistically significant differences between male and female finalists were confirmed only in the amount of ejection (t = 2.992; p<0.009). The male finalists threw a hammer on average from a height of 1.74 ± 0.13 m, and the women with 1.54 ± 0.17 m. The study [21] conducted on a sample of Daegu World Cup finalists in 2011, analyzes the differences in kinematic parameters between male and female hammer throwers. The results confirm statistically significant differences between male and female finalists in the speed of ejection of the hammer (p<0.004) and the speed of the fourth turn (p<0.002).…”