Differences in field‐scale N<sub>2</sub>O flux linked to crop residue removal under two tillage systems in cold climates

Congreves, Katelyn A.; Brown, S. E.; Németh, Deanna; Dunfield, Kari E.; Wagner-Riddle, Claudia

doi:10.1111/gcbb.12354

Cited by 45 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…This provides evidence that the N 2 O flux was limited by NO 3 and that denitrification in the surface soil was an important source of over-winter N 2 O production (Tenuta and Sparling, 2011). This is consistent with other studies that have indicated de novo N 2 O production was a large N 2 O source over the non-growing season in temperate regions (Wagner-Riddle et al, 2008;Németh et al, 2014;Risk et al, 2014;Congreves et al, 2016). In Winter 2013-2014, there was no apparent correlation between pre-winter NO 3 levels and the mean winter N 2 O fluxes (Fig.…”

Section: Water Extractable Organic Carbon Nitrate and Over-winter Nsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…This is consistent with other studies from southern Alberta, Canada, which showed peak N 2 O fluxes during winter (Hao, 2015) or the late-winter to spring period (Chang et al, 1998;Ellert and Janzen, 2008) during the non-growing season. Typically, N 2 O fluxes are greatest during the spring snowmelt in temperate regions (WagnerRiddle and Thurtell, 1998;Johnson et al, 2012;Risk et al, 2013;Congreves et al, 2016). However, our study location typically does not accumulate much snow over-winter.…”

Section: Nitrous Oxide Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…This relationship suggests that over a larger scale the over-winter N 2 O fluxes responded as a function of the WEOC to NO 3 ratio. This may imply that when soil NO 3 concentrations are not limiting N 2 O fluxes, strategies to increase the organic C concentration could reduce N 2 O emissions (Congreves et al, 2016), but its effectiveness may depend on the background NO 3 level (Senbayram et al, 2012). Whether this relationship suggests that immobilization or the balance between the supply of electron donors and terminal electron acceptors is the primary mechanism is not clear.…”

Section: Water Extractable Organic Carbon Nitrate and Over-winter Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non‐Legume Cover Crops Can Increase Non‐Growing Season Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Thomas

Hao

Larney

et al. 2017

Soil Science Soc of Amer J

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Abbreviations: FRC, fall rye with compost; FRF, fall rye with inorganic fertilizer; MDL, minimum detection limit; ORC, oilseed radish with compost; ORF, oilseed radish with inorganic fertilizer; NCC, no cover crop with compost; NCF, no cover crop with inorganic fertilizer; CON, nonamended soil with no cover crop; WEOC, water-extractable organic carbon. P ost-harvest seeding of cover crops reduces the risk of wind erosion and nutrient loss through leaching and runoff during the non-growing season, but how cover crops affect C and N transformations during this time is poorly understood. Although soil microbial activity slows during the non-growing season, this period is particularly prone to N 2 O emissions in temperate regions (Wagner-Riddle and Thurtell, 1998;Dörsch et al., 2004;Ellert and Janzen, 2008;Hao, 2015). Whether cover crops reduce N 2 O emissions during the non-growing season by assimilating ammonium (NH 4 ) and NO 3 is uncertain. In part, this is because cover crops release labile C and N through root exudates and rhizodeposition during their growth phase and freeze-thaw cycles, which can stimulate microbial activity and increase N 2 O emissions (Petersen et al., 2011;Gul and Whalen, 2013;Mitchell et al., 2013). This may counter the crop N uptake and explain why there is no clear consensus on how non-legume cover crops effect N 2 O emissions (Basche et al., 2014 Core Ideas• Nitrous oxide emissions were greater in winter than spring or fall.• Tillage radish increased over-winter N 2 o fluxes.• Non-legume cover crops increased N 2 o fluxes under apparent No 3 limiting conditions.

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Section: Water Extractable Organic Carbon Nitrate and Over-winter Nsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Nitrous Oxide Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Water Extractable Organic Carbon Nitrate and Over-winter Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non‐Legume Cover Crops Can Increase Non‐Growing Season Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Thomas

Hao

Larney

et al. 2017

Soil Science Soc of Amer J

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“…Under temperate conditions, Congreves et al . () reported that crop residue reduced N 2 O emissions from four fields and the N 2 O emissions were negatively correlated with dissolved organic carbon. Based on N 2 O reductase gene expression, the authors concluded that plant residues might help in the reduction in N 2 O to N 2 and consequently decrease N 2 O emissions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Straw preservation reduced total N₂O emissions from a sugarcane field

Pitombo

Cantarella

Packer

et al. 2017

Soil Use and Management

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Post‐harvest biomass can be used as feedstock for energy production and alter N2O emissions from the soil, which is among the main issues determining bioethanol sustainability. To assess the effects of sugarcane straw return on gas emissions, we established a field experiment in which 0, 50, 75 or 100% (0, 5.65, 8.47 and 11.30 Mg/ha dry biomass, respectively) of the crop residues (straw) was left in the field during the first two ratoon crops. As fertilizer is applied in bands to sugarcane, we also investigated the contribution of different positions to the N2O emissions within the field. There was an interactive effect between straw and inorganic fertilizer, leading to a nonlinear effect of crop residues on the fertilizer emission factor (EF). However, straw consistently reduced N2O emissions from the field, acting mainly in the unfertilized areas in the field (P < 0.05). We observed that considering the typical EF used in the literature, the N2O‐N emissions attributed to fertilizer ranged from 0.19 to 0.79 kg/ha, while the total emissions ranged from 3.3 to 5.2 kg/ha, from the highest amount of straw to the lowest. We conclude that overall, the fertilizer EF is not as relevant as the total emissions, based on this and other studies. Consequently, management practices might be more effective in improving the GHG balance than changing inorganic fertilizer use. We conclude that keeping up to 11 Mg/ha of straw with a large C:N ratio (>100:1) on site might increase sugarcane production sustainability by reducing the greenhouse gas emissions from the field.

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“…Peak frequencies here were modelled via the equation given in Horst (1997). (Furon et al, 2008;Risk et al, 2013;Abalos et al, 2015;Congreves et al, 2017;Wagner-Riddle et al, 2017) with average daily fluxes ranging from 0 to 30 ng N 2 O-N m −2 s −1 (Fig. 3b) Fig.…”

Section: Flux Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a lower-powered analyzer and sampling system for eddy-covariance measurements of nitrous oxide fluxes

Brown

Sargent²,

Wagner-Riddle

2018

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

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Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) fluxes measured using the eddy-covariance method capture the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of N 2 O emissions. Most closed-path tracegas analyzers for eddy-covariance measurements have largevolume, multi-pass absorption cells that necessitate high flow rates for ample frequency response, thus requiring highpower sample pumps. Other sampling system components, including rain caps, filters, dryers, and tubing, can also degrade system frequency response. This field trial tested the performance of a closed-path eddy-covariance system for N 2 O flux measurements with improvements to use less power while maintaining the frequency response. The new system consists of a thermoelectrically cooled tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer configured to measure both N 2 O and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). The system features a relatively small, single-pass sample cell (200 mL) that provides good frequency response with a lower-powered pump (∼ 250 W). A new filterless intake removes particulates from the sample air stream with no additional mixing volume that could degrade frequency response. A single-tube dryer removes water vapour from the sample to avoid the need for density or spectroscopic corrections, while maintaining frequency response. This eddy-covariance system was collocated with a previous tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer model to compare N 2 O and CO 2 flux measurements for two full growing seasons (May 2015 to October 2016) in a fertilized cornfield in Southern Ontario, Canada. Both spectrometers were placed outdoors at the base of the sampling tower, demonstrating ruggedness for a range of environmental conditions (minimum to maximum daily temperature range: −26.1 to 31.6 • C). The new system rarely required maintenance. An in situ frequencyresponse test demonstrated that the cutoff frequency of the new system was better than the old system (3.5 Hz compared to 2.30 Hz) and similar to that of a closed-path CO 2 eddy-covariance system (4.05 Hz), using shorter tubing and no dryer, that was also collocated at the site. Values of the N 2 O fluxes were similar between the two spectrometer systems (slope = 1.01, r 2 = 0.96); CO 2 fluxes as measured by the short-tubed eddy-covariance system and the two spectrometer systems correlated well (slope = 1.03, r 2 = 0.998). The new lower-powered tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer configuration with the filterless intake and singletube dryer showed promise for deployment in remote areas.

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Differences in field‐scale N₂O flux linked to crop residue removal under two tillage systems in cold climates

Cited by 45 publications

References 63 publications

Non‐Legume Cover Crops Can Increase Non‐Growing Season Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Non‐Legume Cover Crops Can Increase Non‐Growing Season Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Straw preservation reduced total N₂O emissions from a sugarcane field

Evaluation of a lower-powered analyzer and sampling system for eddy-covariance measurements of nitrous oxide fluxes

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Differences in field‐scale N2O flux linked to crop residue removal under two tillage systems in cold climates

Cited by 45 publications

References 63 publications

Non‐Legume Cover Crops Can Increase Non‐Growing Season Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Non‐Legume Cover Crops Can Increase Non‐Growing Season Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Straw preservation reduced total N2O emissions from a sugarcane field

Evaluation of a lower-powered analyzer and sampling system for eddy-covariance measurements of nitrous oxide fluxes

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Differences in field‐scale N₂O flux linked to crop residue removal under two tillage systems in cold climates

Straw preservation reduced total N₂O emissions from a sugarcane field