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Potassium (K) is an important limiting factor of tree growth, but little is known of the effects of K supply on the long-distance transport of photosynthetic carbon (C) in the phloem and of the interaction between K fertilization and drought. We pulse-labelled 2-year-old Eucalyptus grandis L. trees grown in a field trial combining K fertilization (+K and -K) and throughfall exclusion (+W and -W), and we estimated the velocity of C transfer by comparing time lags between the uptake of (13)CO2 and its recovery in trunk CO2 efflux recorded at different heights. We also analysed the dynamics of the labelled photosynthates recovered in the foliage and in the phloem sap (inner bark extract). The mean residence time of labelled C in the foliage was short (21-31 h). The time series of (13)C in excess in the foliage was affected by the level of fertilization, whereas the effect of throughfall exclusion was not significant. The velocity of C transfer in the trunk (0.20-0.82 m h(-1)) was twice as high in +K trees than in -K trees, with no significant effect of throughfall exclusion except for one +K -W tree labelled in the middle of the drought season that was exposed to a more pronounced water stress (midday leaf water potential of -2.2 MPa). Our results suggest that besides reductions in photosynthetic C supply and in C demand by sink organs, the lower velocity under K deficiency is due to a lower cross-sectional area of the sieve tubes, whereas an increase in phloem sap viscosity is more likely limiting phloem transport under drought. In all treatments, 10 times less (13)C was recovered in inner bark extracts at the bottom of the trunk when compared with the base of the crown, suggesting that a large part of the labelled assimilates has been exported out of the phloem and replaced by unlabelled C. This supports the 'leakage-retrieval mechanism' that may play a role in maintaining the pressure gradient between source and sink organs required to sustain high velocity of phloem transport in tall trees.

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Reis. 2013. Fluxes of CO2 above a sugarcane plantation in Brazil.Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. Fluxes of CO 2 were measured above a sugarcane plantation using the eddy-covariance 29 method covering two growth cycles, representing the second and third re-growth 30 (ratoons) harvested with stubble burning. The total net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in 31 the first cycle (second ratoon, 393 days long) was -1964±44 g C m -2 ; the gross 32 ecosystem productivity (GEP) was 3612±46 g C m -2 and the ecosystem respiration (R E ) 33was 1648±14 g C m -2 . The NEE and GEP totals in the second cycle (third ratoon, 374 34 days long) decreased 51% and 25%, respectively and R E increased 7%. Accounting for 35 the carbon emitted during biomass burning and the removal of stalks at harvest, net 36 ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) totals were 102±130 g C m -2 and 403±84 g C m -2 in 37 each cycle respectively. Thus the sugarcane agrosystem was approximately carbon 38 neutral in the second ratoon. Yield in stalks fresh weight (SFW) attained the regional 39 average (8.3 kg SFW m -2 ). Although it was a carbon source to the atmosphere, observed 40 productivity (6.2 kg SFW m -2 ) of the third ratoon was 19% lower than the regional 41 average due to the lower water availability observed during the initial 120 days of re-42 growth. However, the overall water use efficiency (WUE) achieved in the first cycle 43

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito do recolhimento de quantidades variáveis da palha de cana-de-açúcar sobre sua decomposição na superfície do solo, após subsequentes socas. O experimento foi realizado por duas socas subsequentes, com a variedade de cana-de-açúcar RB-845210, tendo-se testado quatro quantidades remanescentes de palha após a colheita: 11,3, 8,5, 5,7 e 2,8 Mg ha -1 . Foram avaliadas as taxas de decomposição de biomassa, carbono, nitrogênio, celulose, hemicelulose e lignina, bem como a relação C/N e a quantidade de C e N mineralizada a partir da palha. O recolhimento variável da palha da canade-açúcar não alterou as taxas de decomposição da biomassa nem a mineralização de carbono, hemicelulose, celulose e lignina, em uma mesma soca. O processo de decomposição da palha não se esgota, mesmo após duas socas, independentemente da quantidade inicial de resíduo sobre o solo. A relação C/N e a decomposição da lignina servem como indicadores para verificar diferenças nas taxas de decomposição entre os níveis de palha avaliados, enquanto a decomposição da hemicelulose e da celulose somente detecta alterações nessas taxas ao longo do tempo. Em termos absolutos, quanto menor a retirada da palha do campo, maior a quantidade de carbono e nitrogênio mineralizada, mesmo que não haja diferenças na taxa de decomposição.Termos para indexação: Saccharum, estoque de carbono, mineralização do nitrogênio, qualidade do solo, relação C/N, taxa de decomposição. Decomposition of sugarcane straw collected at different rates after mechanical harvestAbstract -The objective of this work was to determine the effect of collecting different levels of sugarcane straw on its decomposition on soil surface, after consecutive ratoons. The trial was conducted for two consecutive ratoons, using the sugarcane variety RB845210, testing four amounts of remaining straw after harvest: 11.3, 8.5, 5.7, and 2.8 Mg ha -1. Decomposition rates of biomass, carbon, nitrogen, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were evaluated, as well as the C/N ratio and the mineralized quantities of C and N from the straw. The distinct levels of sugarcane straw aboveground do not alter decomposition rates, neither do they alter the mineralization of carbon, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin within the same ratoon. The straw decomposition process persists along the two ratoon cycles, regardless of the initial amount of straw on soil surface. The C/N ratio and lignin decay are adequate indicators for detecting differences of straw decomposition rates between the evaluated levels of straw, while hemicellulose and cellulose decay detects only differences in rates over time. In absolute terms, the lower the initial aboveground straw level, the higher the amounts of carbon and nitrogen mineralized, even if there are no differences in decomposition rates.