Differences Between Microbial Communities of Pinus Species Having Differing Level of Resistance to the Pine Wood Nematode

Zhang, Wei; Wang, Xuan; Li, Yongxia; Wei, Pengfei; Sun, Ningning; Wen, Xiaojian; Liu, Zhenkai; Li, Dongzhen; Feng, Yuqian; Zhang, Xingyao

doi:10.1007/s00248-021-01907-4

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In Seia, the fungal communities of non-infected and PWN-infected P. pinaster showed substantial differences in terms of composition and species richness, the non-infected pine trees being more biodiverse than PWN-infected trees. This observation suggests that the presence of the nematode could explain the community shifts which is corroborated by recent works with other Pinus species (Liu et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ). Still, this result is not evident for fungal communities in Companhia das Lezírias or Tróia, according to the diversity indexes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Fungal Communities of the Pine Wilt Disease Complex: Studying the Interaction of Ophiostomatales With Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Vicente

Soares²,

Faria³

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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Considered one of the most devastating plant–parasitic nematodes worldwide, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (commonly known as pinewood nematode, PWN) is the causal agent of the pine wilt disease in the Eurasian coniferous forests. This migratory parasitic nematode is carried by an insect vector (Monochamus spp.) into the host tree (Pinus species), where it can feed on parenchymal cells and reproduce massively, resulting in the tree wilting. In declining trees, PWN populations are strongly dependent on fungal communities colonizing the host (predominantly ophiostomatoid fungi known to cause sapwood blue-staining, the blue-stain fungi), which not only influence their development and life cycle but also the number of individuals carried by the insect vector into a new host. Our main aim is to understand if PWN-associated mycobiota plays a key role in the development of PWD, in interaction with the PWN and the insect vector, and to what extent it can be targeted to disrupt the disease cycle. For this purpose, we characterized the fungal communities of Pinus pinaster trees infected and non-infected with PWN in three collection sites in Continental Portugal with different PWD temporal incidences. Our results showed that non-infected P. pinaster mycoflora is more diverse (in terms of abundance and fungal richness) than PWN-infected pine trees in the most recent PWD foci, as opposed to the fungal communities of long-term PWD history sites. Then, due to their ecological importance for PWN survival, representatives of the main ophiostomatoid fungi isolated (Ophiostoma, Leptographium, and Graphilbum) were characterized for their adaptative response to temperature, competition in-between taxa, and as food source for PWN. Under the conditions studied, Leptographium isolates showed promising results for PWN control. They could outcompete the other species, especially O. ips, and significantly reduce the development of PWN populations when compared to Botrytis cinerea (routinely used for PWN lab culturing), suggesting this to be a natural antagonist not only for the other blue-stain species but also for the PWN.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Fungal Communities of the Pine Wilt Disease Complex: Studying the Interaction of Ophiostomatales With Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Vicente

Soares²,

Faria³

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…Especially when infected with pests and pathogens, the content of terpene substances and resins usually increases notably ( Kuroda, 1991 ; Fukuda, 1997 ; Hara et al, 2006 ; Bohlmann, 2012 ). Although these substances play an important role in plant defense responses, they also have unpredictable influences on the endophytic microbial community and usually have a negative impact on the colonization of exogenously delivered strains ( Wu et al, 2013 ; Zhang et al, 2021 , 2022 ). Our study screened for more adaptable strains through stress experiments with turpentine and pine tissue extract.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineered pine endophytic Bacillus toyonensis with nematocidal and colonization abilities for pine wilt disease control

Li,

Wang

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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IntroductionThe pinewood nematode (PWN) is responsible for causing pine wilt disease (PWD), which has led to the significant decline of conifer species in Eurasian forests and has become a globally invasive quarantine pest. Manipulating plant-associated microbes to control nematodes is an important strategy for sustainable pest management. However, it has proven difficult to find pine-associated bacteria that possess both nematocidal activity and the ability to colonize pine tissues.MethodsThe stress experiments with turpentine and pine tissue extract were carried out to screen for the desired target strain that could adapt to the internal environment of pine trees. This strain was used to construct an engineered nematocidal strain. Additionally, a fluorescent strain was constructed to determine its dispersal ability in Pinus massoniana seedlings through plate separation, PCR detection, and fluorescence microscopy observations. The engineered nematocidal strain was tested in the greenhouse experiment to assess its ability to effectively protect P. massoniana seedlings from nematode infection.ResultsThis study isolated a Bacillus toyonensis strain Bxy19 from the healthy pine stem, which showed exceptional tolerance in stress experiments. An engineered nematocidal strain Bxy19P3C6 was constructed, which expressed the Cry6Aa crystal protein and exhibited nematocidal activity. The fluorescent strain Bxy19GFP was also constructed and used to test its dispersal ability. It was observed to enter the needles of the seedlings through the stomata and colonize the vascular bundle after being sprayed on the seedlings. The strain was observed to colonize and spread in the tracheid after being injected into the stems. The strain could colonize the seedlings and persist for at least 50 days. Furthermore, the greenhouse experiments indicated that both spraying and injecting the engineered strain Bxy19P3C6 had considerable efficacy against nematode infection.DiscussionThe evidence of the colonization ability and persistence of the strain in pine advances our understanding of the control and prediction of the colonization of exogenously delivered bacteria in pines. This study provides a promising approach for manipulating plant-associated bacteria and using Bt protein to control nematodes.

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“…Microbial communities are dynamically shaped by various factors, environmental factors including soil, climate, region, and time of day [37], as well as characteristics of the host plant itself, including its species and developmental stage, play significant roles [38]. Previous studies have shown that microorganisms in the mycorrhizosphere soils of the same species may also exhibit different characteristics due to infestation by other organisms [39]. Following truffle inoculation, the Shannon index of soil fungi in the samples of the high-infestation group was significantly higher than that of the low-infestation group and the control group, and the Simpson index was significantly lower (p < 0.05).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Truffle Inoculation on Root Physiology and Mycorrhizosphere Microbial Communities of Carya illinoinensis Seedlings

Chen,

Wu,

Liu

et al. 2023

Forests

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Although they are a valuable edible ectomycorrhizal fungus, truffles (Tuber spp.) nevertheless face significant difficulties in the development of their scale. As a type of high economic value nut-like economic forest tree, the pecan (Carya illinoinensis) serves as a natural host for truffles. However, the technology for mycorrhizal synthesis in pecan has not yet been developed, and it is still unclear how certain microbes affect this process. In this study, we inoculated the pecan root system with a suspension of truffle spores and investigated the growth physiology of pecan seedlings with various infestation levels, as well as changes in the soil’s physicochemical properties and the makeup of the microbial community at the root level. The findings showed that tuber inoculation significantly increased the peroxidase activity of the pecan root system, significantly decreased the pH, and effective phosphorus content of mycorrhizosphere soil, while increasing the nitrate nitrogen content, and significantly increased the abundance and diversity of the mycorrhizosphere soil fungal community. Different groups of fungal and bacterial markers were formed in the mycorrhizosphere of pecan seedlings at different levels of infestation. In the highly infested group, Rozellomycota and lasiosphaeriaceae were the difference marker fungi, and Xanthobacteraceae, Rhizobiaceae as well as Streptococcaceae were the difference marker bacteria. In the low-infestation group, sphaerosporella was differential marker fungi, and Bacillus and Tumebacillus were differential marker bacteria. The fungal marker flora of the control group consisted of Chaetomium and Gilmaniella. Pseudomonas was the marker bacterial community. Additionally, these fungi included Collarina and Rozellomycota, and several bacteria from the genera Pseudomonas, Gemmatimonas, and others showed highly significant relationships with changes in soil pH, effective phosphorus, and nitrate nitrogen. In conclusion, pecan–truffle mycorrhizal seedlings have the potential to create the ideal microbial community structure needed for mycorrhizal growth, and these microorganisms have the potential to significantly alter the pH, effective phosphorus content, and nitrate nitrogen concentration of the mycorrhizosphere soil. Our results contribute to the understanding of how the mycorrhizosphere microbial community evolves when exogenous mycorrhizal fungi infest host plants and can offer some theoretical guidelines for growing pecan–truffle mycorrhizal seedlings.

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Differences Between Microbial Communities of Pinus Species Having Differing Level of Resistance to the Pine Wood Nematode

Cited by 6 publications

References 42 publications

Fungal Communities of the Pine Wilt Disease Complex: Studying the Interaction of Ophiostomatales With Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Fungal Communities of the Pine Wilt Disease Complex: Studying the Interaction of Ophiostomatales With Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Engineered pine endophytic Bacillus toyonensis with nematocidal and colonization abilities for pine wilt disease control

Effects of Truffle Inoculation on Root Physiology and Mycorrhizosphere Microbial Communities of Carya illinoinensis Seedlings

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