Dietary Yeast Cell Wall Improves Growth Performance and Prevents of Diarrhea of Weaned Pigs by Enhancing Gut Health and Anti-Inflammatory Immune Responses

Abstract

Dietary yeast cell wall products (YCW) are recognized as a feed additive due to multifunctional benefits by the biological response modulators. Thus, this study was conducted to verify a potential advantage of YCW for improving growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune responses, and intestinal health and microbiota of weaned pigs. A total of 112 weaned pigs (7.99 ± 1.10 kg of body weight; 28 days old) were arbitrarily allocated to two experimental treatments with eight pigs (four barrows and four gilts) per pen and seven replicate pens per treatment in a completely randomized block design (block = BW and sex): (1) a basal diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and (2) CON + 0.05% YCW. The experimental period was for 4 weeks. There were no differences in final body weight, average daily feed intake, and gain-to-feed ratio between dietary treatments. In contrast, pigs fed YCW had higher average daily gain (p = 0.088) and apparent ileal digestibility of DM (p < 0.05) and energy (p = 0.052) and lower diarrhea frequency (p = 0.083) than those fed control diet (CON). Pigs fed YCW also had a higher (p < 0.05) ratio between villus height and crypt depth, villus width and area, and goblet cell counts in the duodenum and/or jejunum than those fed CON. Dietary YCW decreased (p < 0.05) serum TNF-α and IL–1β of weaned pigs on day 7 and 14, respectively, compared with CON. Furthermore, pigs fed YCW had higher (p < 0.05) ileal gene expression of claudin family, occludin, MUC1, INF-γ, and IL-6 and lower (p < 0.05) that of TNF-α than those fed CON. Lastly, there were no differences in the relative abundance of bacteria at the phylum level between CON and YCW. However, dietary YCW increased (p < 0.05) the relative abundance of genera Prevotella and Roseburia compared with CON. This study provided that dietary YCW improved growth rate, nutritional digestibility, and intestinal health and modified immune responses and intestinal microbiota of weaned pigs.

Effects of Bacillus-based probiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal health of weaned pigs

“…The diarrhea score for each pig was visually assessed daily on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = dry feces, 2 = normal feces, 3 = slightly moist feces, 4 = semiliquid feces, mild diarrhea, and 5 = watery feces, severe diarrhea). The frequency of diarrhea (%) was calculated by counting the number of days the pigs had a diarrhea score of 4 or greater [ 18 ]. Whole blood samples were collected from one randomly selected pig in each pen using the jugular vein and stored in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tubes with anticoagulant or serum tubes (Becton Dickinson Vacutainer Systems, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) to measure total white blood cells (WBC) counts or inflammatory cytokines on d 7 and 14.…”

Evaluation of brown rice to replace corn in weanling pig diet

“…In order to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, fecal samples of a randomly selected pig within each pen for each treatment were collected using the anal massage method for three consecutive days after an initial 4-day adaptation period and stored at –80°C until used for analysis. At the end of the experimental period, the selected pigs were euthanized by exposure to CO 2 gas subsequent to anesthesia using an intramuscular injection of 50 mL/kg BW xylazine [ 18 ]. For determinations of the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients, digesta samples were immediately collected from the distal ileum anterior to the ileocecal junction and stored at –80°C until used for analysis [ 19 ].…”

A Review: Using Yeast Extract as Feed Additive in Pig Diets

“…The chemical components of HY include: 3.5% nucleic acids, 22.43-23% β-glucan, 15-15.6% MOS, 40.0-53.2% crude protein, and 1.8-2.3% crude fat (Hu et al, Sources: Bowman and Free, 2006;Shaun et al, 2006;Ponton, 2008;Anwar et al, 2017;Garcia-Rubio et al, 2020;Lee et al, 2021 Table 5: Summary of studies evaluating effects of supplementing pig diets with β-glucans from yeast cell wall Zhang et al, 2019;Sampath et al, 2021;Boontiam et al, 2022). The effective inclusion rates of HY in diets for the weaned, grower, and finisher periods are 0.1-0.2%, 0.05-1.0%, and 0.1%, respectively (Table 3).…”

“…Yeast extracts contain protein, nucleotides and polysaccharides (β-glucan and α-mannan). These compounds are believed to promote the growth performance, immune function, and gut function of piglets (Gallois et al, 2009;Lee et al, 2021). The yeast extract contains cell wall polysaccharides (21.6 %), crude protein (32.7-43.8%), carbohydrates (14.3 %), and nucleotides (1.1-6.0 %) (Pereira et al, 2016;Waititu et al, 2016).…”