Dietary type 2 resistant starch improves systemic inflammation and intestinal permeability by modulating microbiota and metabolites in aged mice on high-fat diet

Abstract

Type 2 resistant starch (RS2) is a fermentable dietary fiber conferring health benefits. We investigated the effects of RS2 on host, gut microbiota, and metabolites in aged mice on high-fat diet. In eighteen-month old mice randomly assigned to control, high-fat (HF), or high-fat+20% RS2 (HFRS) diet for 16 weeks, RS2 reversed the weight gain and hepatic steatosis induced by high-fat diet. Serum and fecal LPS, colonic IL-2 and hepatic IL-4 mRNA expressions decreased while colonic mucin 2 mRNA and protein expressions increased in the HFRS compared to the HF and the control group. 16s rRNA sequencing of fecal microbial DNA demonstrated that RS2 decreased the abundance of pathogen taxa associated with obesity, inflammation, and aging including Desulfovibrio (Proteobacteria phylum), Ruminiclostridium 9, Lachnoclostridium, Helicobacteria, Oscillibacter, Alistipes, Peptococcus, and Rikenella. Additionally, RS2 increased the colonic butyric acid by 2.6-fold while decreasing the isobutyric and isovaleric acid levels by half compared to the HF group. Functional analyses based on Clusters of Orthologous Groups showed that RS2 increased carbohydrate while decreasing amino acid metabolism. These findings demonstrate that RS2 can reverse weight gain, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and increased intestinal permeability in aged mice on high-fat diet mediated by changes in gut microbiome and metabolites.

High-Fructose Diet Increases Inflammatory Cytokines and Alters Gut Microbiota Composition in Rats

“…A previous study has proved that elevated luminal fructose could induce proinflammatory effects via initiating changes in gut microbiota [15]. Higher abundance of proinflammatory taxa Marvinbryantia which was associated with intestinal inflammation and bowel dysfunction [34,35] was observed in the Fru-M and Fru-H groups. Increased abundances of Lachnospira, Parasutterella, and Blantia in colonic contents were detected, while Lachnospira, an acetateproducing bacteria, was related to increasing blood glucose levels [36], and Parasutterella, known as the saccharolytic strain, was increased by carbohydrate consumption with a potential role on bile acid maintenance and intestinal mucosal homeostasis [37,38].…”

Preoperative Microbiomes and Intestinal Barrier Function Can Differentiate Prodromal Alzheimer’s Disease From Normal Neurocognition in Elderly Patients Scheduled to Undergo Orthopedic Surgery

“…In addition, we found that the abundance of Ruminiclostridium_9 within the family Hungateiclostridiaceae was lower in SCD patients than in aMCI and NC patients regardless of smoking, which was observed in healthy men who smoke and drink alcohol or in overweight and obese adults ( Renbin et al., 2020 ; van Trijp et al., 2020 ). Recently, an animal study showed that Ruminiclostridium_9 and seven other genera of butyrate-producing bacteria can improve systemic inflammation and intestinal permeability in aged mice fed a high-fat diet ( Zhang et al., 2020 ). In our study, Ruminiclostridium_9 was decreased and negatively correlated with blood LPS and claudin-1 in the SCD group.…”

Xylo-Oligosaccharides in Prevention of Hepatic Steatosis and Adipose Tissue Inflammation: Associating Taxonomic and Metabolomic Patterns in Fecal Microbiomes with Biclustering

“…In our previous study, nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H-NMR) analysis of cecal metabolites of rats showed that, compared to the HFD, prebiotic XOS reduced cecal levels of isovalerate and tyrosine [ 5 ]. Decreased levels of isovalerate have been associated with NALFD in several studies [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ] while, similar to XOS, feeding resistant starch to mice on a HFD seemed to also decrease isovalerate levels [ 25 ]. Elevated levels of tyrosine have been widely associated with NAFLD [ 22 , 24 , 26 , 27 , 28 ] and, further, its increase can be a marker of progressed steatosis and increased insulin resistance [ 24 , 26 , 27 ].…”