Dietary tryptophan-rich protein hydrolysate can acutely impact physiological and psychological measures of mood and stress in healthy adults

Zahar, Sélima; Schneider, Nora; Makwana, Aidan; Chapman, Stephen D.; Corthésy, John; Amico, Maïlis; Hudry, Julie

doi:10.1080/1028415x.2022.2047435

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The remaining production of serotonin occurs in the raphe nuclei located in the brainstem. Since tryptophan cannot cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), serotonin production in the brain is dependent on tryptophan uptake across the BBB, which is in part regulated by the concentrations of other large neutral amino acids (e.g., phenylalanine, valine) [69].…”

Section: Serotonin and Melatonin Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between Tryptophan Metabolism, the Gut Microbiome and the Immune System as Potential Drivers of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Metabolic Diseases

2022

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The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing and therefore is its burden of disease as NALFD is a risk factor for cirrhosis and is associated with other metabolic conditions such as type II diabetes, obesity, dyslipidaemia and atherosclerosis. Linking these cardiometabolic diseases is a state of low-grade inflammation, with higher cytokines and c-reactive protein levels found in individuals with NAFLD, obesity and type II diabetes. A possible therapeutic target to decrease this state of low-grade inflammation is the metabolism of the essential amino-acid tryptophan. Its three main metabolic pathways (kynurenine pathway, indole pathway and serotonin/melatonin pathway) result in metabolites such as kynurenic acid, xanturenic acid, indole-3-propionic acid and serotonin/melatonin. The kynurenine pathway is regulated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that is upregulated by pro-inflammatory molecules such as INF, IL-6 and LPS. Higher activity of IDO is associated with increased inflammation and fibrosis in NAFLD, as well with increased glucose levels, obesity and atherosclerosis. On the other hand, increased concentrations of the indole pathway metabolites, regulated by the gut microbiome, seem to result in more favorable outcomes. This narrative review summarizes the interactions between tryptophan metabolism, the gut microbiome and the immune system as potential drivers of cardiometabolic diseases in NAFLD.

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Section: Serotonin and Melatonin Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between Tryptophan Metabolism, the Gut Microbiome and the Immune System as Potential Drivers of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Metabolic Diseases

2022

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“…Absorption and metabolism of Tryp occur along the gut–brain axis. Once absorbed from the gut, Tryp becomes available in the circulation for distribution to target sites both peripherally and centrally [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. In addition to endogenous Tryp metabolism, resident gut microbiota also contributes to the production of specific Tryp metabolites and indirectly influences host physiology [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, one preclinical study showed a sex-specific role for the microbiota in regulating central nervous system (CNS) 5-HTergic neurotransmission profiles in which the majority of central effects of germ-free status were present only in male animals [ 38 ]. Findings obtained from clinical data also reported an increase in circulating levels of Tryp and brain availability of this amino acid (estimated by increased serum ratios of free Tryp to its competing amino acids (CAA)) [ 5 , 39 ] and elevated 5-HIAA concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid samples in women [ 40 , 41 ]. However, not all the studies were consistent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evidence shows that diet significantly modulates brain–gut–microbiome interactions with important implications for brain health and pathological brain condition [ 46 ]. Unlike Tryp and kynurenine, 5-HT cannot pass the blood–brain barrier (BBB) [ 7 ], and central biosynthesis of this neurotransmitter depends entirely on Tryp availability, which, in turn, relies on the ratio to other CAA [ 5 ]. Accordingly, Tryp supplementation or depletion through the diet can directly affect 5-HT brain levels and its primary functions [ 48 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The adequate intake of Tryp has been associated with several beneficial outcomes since it is crucial for physical and neuronal growth and development [ 49 ]. Several reports have suggested that Tryp supplementation could be an alternative or a co-adjuvant approach for the treatment/amelioration of neuropsychiatric conditions, such as mood, stress, and anxiety disorders, or even ASD, ADHD, AD, and PD [ 5 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. However, dose–response experiments with Tryp supplementation in humans also proved that excessive doses could have negative consequences by activating tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and Tryp oxidation [ 39 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex Differences in Tryptophan Metabolism: A Systematic Review Focused on Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Pais

Martins

Gonçalves

2023

IJMS

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Tryptophan (Tryp) is an essential amino acid and the precursor of several neuroactive compounds within the central nervous system (CNS). Tryp metabolism, the common denominator linking serotonin (5-HT) dysfunctions and neuroinflammation, is involved in several neuropsychiatric conditions, including neurological, neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric diseases. Interestingly, most of those conditions occur and progress in a sex-specific manner. Here, we explore the most relevant observations about the influence of biological sex on Tryp metabolism and its possible relation to neuropsychiatric diseases. Consistent evidence suggests that women have a higher susceptibility than men to suffer serotoninergic alterations due to changes in the levels of its precursor Tryp. Indeed, female sex bias in neuropsychiatric diseases is involved in a reduced availability of this amino acid pool and 5-HT synthesis. These changes in Tryp metabolism could lead to sexual dimorphism on the prevalence and severity of some neuropsychiatric disorders. This review identifies gaps in the current state of the art, thus suggesting future research directions. Specifically, there is a need for further research on the impact of diet and sex steroids, both involved in this molecular mechanism as they have been poorly addressed for this topic.

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In-situ microbial protein production by using nitrogen extracted from multifunctional bio-electrochemical system

Zhu,

Li,

Nie

et al. 2023

Journal of Environmental Management

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Dietary tryptophan-rich protein hydrolysate can acutely impact physiological and psychological measures of mood and stress in healthy adults

Cited by 15 publications

References 29 publications

Interactions between Tryptophan Metabolism, the Gut Microbiome and the Immune System as Potential Drivers of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Metabolic Diseases

Interactions between Tryptophan Metabolism, the Gut Microbiome and the Immune System as Potential Drivers of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Metabolic Diseases

Sex Differences in Tryptophan Metabolism: A Systematic Review Focused on Neuropsychiatric Disorders

In-situ microbial protein production by using nitrogen extracted from multifunctional bio-electrochemical system

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