Dietary sodium and potassium intakes: Data from urban and rural areas

Mizéhoun-Adissoda, Carmelle; Houinato, Dismand; Houéhanou, Corine; Chianea, Thierry; Dalmay, François; Bleich, André; Aboyans, Victor; Preux, Pierre‐Marie; Bovet, Pascal; Desport, Jean‐Claude

doi:10.1016/j.nut.2016.08.007

Cited by 37 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The present study shows that dietary sodium contributed by processed food in the economically developed urban areas is 3.3%, higher than 1.6% in rural areas. This is consistent with the results of Mizehoun-Adissoda et al [41]. The amount of dietary sodium contributed by processed food in rural areas is lower than that in urban areas, for the latter may be easier to access processed food than the former [42].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Dietary Sodium Intake and Food Sources among Chinese Adults: Data from the CNNHS 2010–2012

Fang

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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The present study was done to examine the status of dietary sodium intake and dietary sources of sodium among Chinese adults. Data were obtained from China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNNHS) 2010-2012. All adults recruited in this study provided complete dietary data on three-day consecutive 24-h dietary recalls combining with the household weighing method. Sodium intake was adjusted for energy to 2000 kcal/day using the residual method. Average sodium intake was 5013 (95% Confidence Interval, CI: 4858, 5168) mg/day, and 92.6% of adults' sodium intake exceeded the standard in the Chinese proposed intake for preventing non-communicable chronic diseases (PI-NCD). The salt added to food was the main contributor to daily sodium intake, representing 69.2% of the total sodium consumption. The proportion of sodium from salt was different in some subgroups. The contribution ranged from 64.8% for those who came from urban areas aged 18-49 years old to 74.7% for those who came from rural areas with education levels of primary school or less, and sodium from soy sauce was the next highest contributor (8.2%). The proportion of the subjects with sodium intake contributed by flour products was higher in the north with 7.1% than the south with 1.4%. The average consumption of sodium among Chinese was more than the recommended amount, and salt was the main source of sodium.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Dietary Sodium Intake and Food Sources among Chinese Adults: Data from the CNNHS 2010–2012

Fang

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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“…This data was used in recently published systematic reviews that revealed sodium intakes in adult populations from African countries above the WHO recommended maximum of 2 g/day [ 23 , 39 ], with lower values found in Sub-Saharan Africa (<3.3 g/day) than in other world regions [ 39 ]. Nevertheless, a recent study conducted in Benin, in urban and rural areas, revealed a mean dietary intake of 4.4 g/24 h of sodium and 1.8 g/24 h of potassium, which are in line with findings from the present study [ 40 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and Dietary Sources of Sodium in Maputo, Mozambique

et al. 2017

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This study aimed to evaluate the urinary excretion of sodium and potassium, and to estimate the main food sources of sodium in Maputo dwellers. A cross-sectional evaluation of a sample of 100 hospital workers was conducted between October 2012 and May 2013. Sodium and potassium urinary excretion was assessed in a 24-h urine sample; creatinine excretion was used to exclude unlikely urine values. Food intake in the same period of urine collection was assessed using a 24-h dietary recall. The Food Processor Plus® was used to estimate sodium intake corresponding to naturally occurring sodium and sodium added to processed foods (non-discretionary sodium). Salt added during culinary preparations (discretionary sodium) was computed as the difference between urinary sodium excretion and non-discretionary sodium. The mean (standard deviation) urinary sodium excretion was 4220 (1830) mg/day, and 92% of the participants were above the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. Discretionary sodium contributed 60.1% of total dietary sodium intake, followed by sodium from processed foods (29.0%) and naturally occurring sodium (10.9%). The mean (standard deviation) urinary potassium excretion was 1909 (778) mg/day, and 96% of the participants were below the WHO potassium intake recommendation. The mean (standard deviation) sodium to potassium molar ratio was 4.2 (2.4). Interventions to decrease sodium and increase potassium intake are needed in Mozambique.

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“…The proportion of males and females were nearly equal across all studies, and age ranged between 18 and 90 years. The majority of studies used 24-hour urine volume and creatinine to assess the completeness of 24-hour urine collection 16,17,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] ; while two studies used para-amino benzoic acid (PABA). 28,29 Details on the representativeness of each study are presented in Table 1 (with references).…”

Section: Description Of Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Science of Salt: Updating the evidence on global estimates of salt intake

Thout

Santos

McKenzie

et al. 2019

J of Clinical Hypertension

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The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2010 study estimated national salt intake for 187 countries based on data available up to 2010. The purpose of this review was to identify studies that have measured salt intake in a nationally representative population using the 24‐hour urine collection method since 2010, with a view to updating evidence on population salt intake globally. Studies published from January 2011 to September 2018 were searched for from MEDLINE, Scopus, and Embase databases using relevant terms. Studies that provided nationally representative estimates of salt intake among the healthy adult population based on the 24‐hour urine collection were included. Measured salt intake was extracted and compared with the GBD estimates. Of the 115 identified studies assessed for eligibility, 13 studies were included: Four studies were from Europe, and one each from the United States, Canada, Benin, India, Samoa, Fiji, Barbados, Australia, and New Zealand. Mean daily salt intake ranged from 6.75 g/d in Barbados to 10.66 g/d in Portugal. Measured mean population salt intake in Italy, England, Canada, and Barbados was lower, and in Fiji, Samoa, and Benin was higher, in recent surveys compared to the GBD 2010 estimates. Despite global targets to reduce population salt intake, only 13 countries have published nationally representative salt intake data since the GBD 2010 study. In all countries, salt intake levels remain higher than the World Health Organization's recommendation, highlighting the need for additional global efforts to lower salt intake and monitor salt reduction strategies.

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Dietary sodium and potassium intakes: Data from urban and rural areas

Cited by 37 publications

References 28 publications

Dietary Sodium Intake and Food Sources among Chinese Adults: Data from the CNNHS 2010–2012

Dietary Sodium Intake and Food Sources among Chinese Adults: Data from the CNNHS 2010–2012

Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and Dietary Sources of Sodium in Maputo, Mozambique

The Science of Salt: Updating the evidence on global estimates of salt intake

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