Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and Dietary Sources of Sodium in Maputo, Mozambique

Queiroz, Ana; Damasceno, Albertino; Jessen, Neusa; Novela, Célia; Moreira, Pedro; Lunet, Nuno; Padrão, Patrícia

doi:10.3390/nu9080830

Cited by 17 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…Specifically in Mozambique, although direct evidence of high sodium intake is scarce, a recent study based on 24-h urine samples of 100 Maputo dwellers showed mean urinary sodium excretion compatible with a daily intake twice the recommended by the WHO [11]. This is in line with the high prevalence of hypertension in Mozambique (two out of every five adults) [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…The WHO highly recommends [46] awareness raising, which has been shown a cost-effective [47] and essential step to change behaviors and reduce salt consumption at a population level [48], especially in developing countries, where addition of salt during food preparation or as seasoning on table were found to represent the main contributors to sodium intake [1,48]. In Mozambique, a recent investigation [11] found that discretionary sodium was the main source of salt consumption, corresponding to just over 60% of the total dietary sodium intake. In order to improve salt control actions, and, to reach the higher educated groups of the population, other strategies should also be adopted, probably by involving the government and industry, targeting processed foods [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three components were identified in the dietary salt questionnaire, explaining 48% of the variance ( Table 1). The four questions related with the consumption of salt or salty foods had high factor loadings for the same component, which was named "self-reported dietary salt intake"; the minimum and maximum possible values for the score were 4 and 20, respectively, and the mean score (range) was 11.8 [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. A component with high factor loadings for the two questions regarding the participants' knowledge regarding the potential health implications of dietary salt was named "knowledge of health effects of salt intake"; the minimum and maximum possible values for the score were 2 and 5, respectively, and the mean score (range) was 2.8 [2][3][4][5].…”

Section: Dimensions Of the Dietary Salt Questionnairementioning

confidence: 99%

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Knowledge and behaviors regarding salt intake in Mozambique

et al. 2018

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dimensions Of the Dietary Salt Questionnairementioning

confidence: 99%

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Knowledge and behaviors regarding salt intake in Mozambique

et al. 2018

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“…Ten studies from six countries (Table 3) reported salt level in foods through food analysis 30,37,38,40,43,44 nutrition information panels, 52 and 24‐hour dietary recalls 39,53 . Salt levels in foods were high and variable, both within and between countries.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring and implementation of salt reduction initiatives in Africa: A systematic review

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Santos

Trieu

et al. 2020

J of Clinical Hypertension

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This systematic review aims to document salt consumption patterns and the implementation status and potential impact of salt reduction initiatives in Africa, from studies published between January 2009 and November 2019. Studies were sourced using MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library electronic databases, and gray literature. Of the 887 records retrieved, 38 studies conducted in 18 African countries were included. Twelve studies measured population salt intake, 11 examined salt level in foods, 11 assessed consumer knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, 1 study evaluated a behavior change intervention, and 3 studies modeled potential health gains and cost savings of salt reduction interventions. The population salt intake studies determined by 24‐hour urine collections showed that the mean (SD) salt intake in African adults ranged from 6.8 (2.2) g to 11.3 (5.4) g/d. Salt levels in foods were generally high, and consumer knowledge was fairly high but did not seem to translate into salt lowering behaviors. Modeling studies showed that interventions for reducing dietary sodium would generate large health gains and cost savings for the health system. Despite this evidence, adoption of population salt reduction strategies in Africa has been slow, and dietary consumption of sodium remains high. Only South Africa adopted legislation in 2016 to reduce population salt intake, but success of this intervention has not yet been fully evaluated. Thus, rigorous evaluation of the salt reduction legislation in South Africa and initiation of salt reduction programs in other African countries will be vital to achieving the targeted 30% reduction in salt intake by 2025.

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“…Almost 70.0% of men and 80.0% of women ingested less than the recommended 3510 mg/day of potassium. In a study carried out in the capital of another Portuguese-speaking country, Maputo, Mozambique, this percentage was 96.0% [ 52 ]. In South African adults, the non-compliance with the daily potassium recommendation was 91.0% [ 53 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low potassium and high sodium intakes: a double health threat to Cape Verdeans

et al. 2018

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BackgroundCape Verde presents a high rate of cardiovascular diseases. Low potassium and high sodium intakes are related to cardiovascular diseases. However, studies regarding these two micronutrients continue to be rare in African urban settings. This work aims to estimate potassium and sodium intakes and to analyse the self-reported salt intake by gender and by type of urban area in the city of Praia – the capital of Cape Verde.MethodsIn the first stage (n = 1912), an intra-urban study was designed in two types of urban areas (formal and informal), using a sampling strategy based on random selection of geographical coordinates, in order to apply a questionnaire. In a second stage, a 24-h dietary recall and anthropometric measurements were performed by local nutritionists. Potassium and sodium intakes were estimated for 599 participants (149 men and 450 women). Non-parametric methods (including quantile regression) were used in the statistical analysis.ResultsIn informal areas, a higher percentage of women reported having hypertension (31.0%) compared to formal areas (19.7%). Based on 24-h dietary recall, median potassium intake for men was 2924.2 mg/day and for women and 2562.6 mg/day. Almost 70.0% of men and 80.0% of women ingested less than the recommended 3510 mg/day of potassium. In informal areas, men and women presented high medians of sodium intakes compared to formal areas (men: 4131.2 vs 3014.6 mg/day and women: 3243.4 vs 2522.4 mg/day). On the other hand, the percentage of participants exceeding 2000 mg/day for sodium was high (≥70.8%), even for participants that self-reported low-salt intake.Quantile regression models revealed effects of the type of urban area and gender in the potassium and sodium intakes, at least, in some quartiles, accounting for age, academic qualifications, and professional situation.ConclusionsA low potassium intake and a high sodium intake were found in Praia. Thus, efficient health education campaigns and health promotion are needed and should be tailored considering gender and urban areas.

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Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and Dietary Sources of Sodium in Maputo, Mozambique

Cited by 17 publications

References 63 publications

Knowledge and behaviors regarding salt intake in Mozambique

Knowledge and behaviors regarding salt intake in Mozambique

Monitoring and implementation of salt reduction initiatives in Africa: A systematic review

Low potassium and high sodium intakes: a double health threat to Cape Verdeans

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