Dietary Practices and Adolescent Obesity in Secondary School Learners at Disadvantaged Schools in South Africa: Urban–Rural and Gender Differences

Okeyo, Alice P.; Seekoe, Eunice; Villiers, Anniza de; Faber, Mieke; Nel, Johanna H.; Steyn, Nelia P.

doi:10.3390/ijerph17165864

Cited by 18 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Results showed that adolescents residing in urban settings had higher chances of becoming obese than their rural counterparts 24 . These results corroborate with other African studies which showed an association between urban settings and high BMI 42,43 . However, contrary to this finding, Ghana reported higher rates of obesity in rural settings compared to urban settings 44 .…”

Section: Environmental Factorssupporting

confidence: 93%

Determinants of overweight and obesity among adolescents in Zimbabwe: A scoping review

Pencil

Matsungo

Hayami‐Chisuwa

2021

Nor. Afr. J. Food Nutr. Res.

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Background: Childhood obesity is a growing public health concern worldwide. Unfortunately, the health interventions remain biased towards addressing undernutrition. Aims: The study aimed to summarize the evidence on the determinants of obesity among adolescents in Zimbabwe. Methods: The Bronfenbrenner socio-ecological model (SEM) was used to classify these determinants: individual, social, environmental, and economic or government policies. The five-stage Arksey and O’Malley review methodology was used to formulate research questions, systematically search, and screen for relevant studies done between 2010 and 2020, data extraction, and summarizing the evidence. Google, PubMed, Google scholar, and United Nations websites were searched to identify relevant studies. The search yielded 22 results. Anthropometric indicators and the determinants assessed in each study were extracted. Results: Only 10 studies explored the determinants of obesity among adolescents in Zimbabwe. The risk of obesity was higher among older adolescents (16-19 years), particularly girls who reside in urban settings. Interestingly, girls had higher nutrition knowledge compared to boys. At the environmental level, fast food consumption, unhealthy snacking, low dietary diversity, carrying a packed lunchbox to school, and using non-active forms of transport to school was associated with obesity. In addition, having formally employed parents, and a small family size increased the odds of obesity. At the societal level, high family income and Christianity increased the rate of obesity. Economic instability appears to drive the availability and consumption of cheap unhealthy foods, particularly within the school environments. Conclusions: Adolescence is a critical stage where obesity starts to increase especially in girls as they graduate into adulthood. Sedentary lifestyles and the adoption of unhealthy dietary decisions appear to be exuberating this obesity problem in urban areas. School-based, family-oriented obesity prevention interventions which address gender discrepancies in eating habits and physical activity are recommended in these and related settings. Keywords: Adolescents, obesity, socio-ecological model, malnutrition, Zimbabwe.

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Section: Environmental Factorssupporting

confidence: 93%

Determinants of overweight and obesity among adolescents in Zimbabwe: A scoping review

Pencil

Matsungo

Hayami‐Chisuwa

2021

Nor. Afr. J. Food Nutr. Res.

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“…Almost 17% of children are with obesity in the USA, whereas one out of three children is overweight/obese in Europe. Similar results are shown in Africa, where obesity in female adolescents (36.1%) is more prevalent than in males (3,4). These metabolic changes are mainly attributed to sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy dietary pattern (e.g., easy access to fast-food and sugar-sweetened beverages) (5).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Malondialdehyde as an independent predictor of body mass index in adolescent girls

Klisić¹,

Malenica²,

Kostadinovic³

et al. 2023

J Med Biochemistry

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Objective: Given the fact that the studies that examined oxidative stress in relation to obesity that included late adolescents are scarce and show inconclusive results we aimed to investigate a wide spectrum of nitro-oxidative stress biomarkers [i.e., malondialdehyde (MDA), xanthine oxidase (XO), xanthine oxidoreductase (XOD), xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and nitric oxide products (NOx), as well as an antioxidative enzyme, i.e., catalase (CAT)] in relation with obesity in the cohort of adolescent girls ages between 16 and 19 years old.Patients and Methods: A total of 59 teenage girls were included in this cross-sectional study. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to examine possible associations between biochemical and nitro-oxidative stress markers and body mass index (BMI). Results: There were not significant differences between oxidative stress markers between normal weight and overweight/obese girls (i.e., AOPP, XOD, XO, XDH) and CAT, except for MDA (p<0.001) and NOx (p=0.010) concentrations which were significantly higher in overweight/obese adolescent girls. Positive associations were evident between BMI and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (OR=2.495), BMI and uric acid (OR=1.024) and BMI and MDA (OR=1.062). Multivariable binary regression analysis demonstrated significant independent associations of BMI and hsCRP (OR=2.150) and BMI and MDA (OR=1.105). Even 76.3% of the variation in BMI could be explained with this Model.Conclusion: Inflammation (as measured with hsCRP) and oxidative stress (as determined with MDA) independently correlated with BMI in teenage girls.

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“…In addition to the “local traditional” pattern, the other three dietary patterns have a higher adherence score with the urban group, which showed that rural residents were more inclined towards the local traditional diet. Due to the convenience of infrastructure and transportation, people living in urban areas have more access to more diverse foods [ 33 ]. Moreover, with higher per-capita revenue, urban families are able to buy more varieties of food and consume more food overall [ 7 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Consumption and Dietary Patterns of Local Adults Living on the Tibetan Plateau: Results from 14 Countries along the Yarlung Tsangpo River

Zhou

Liu

et al. 2021

Nutrients

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The distinct Tibetan regional diet is strongly influenced by the regional biogeography, indigenous traditions, popular religious beliefs and food taboos. In the context of the nutritional transition in Tibet, studies seldom report on the food consumption and dietary patterns of Tibetan residents. This is a cross-section study of 552 local adults (≥18 years old, 277 men and 275 women) living in 14 agricultural countries along the Yarlung Tsangpo River. Dietary intakes were assessed by a culturally specific FFQ and compared with the Chinese Dietary Pagoda (2016). Dietary Patterns were extracted by using PCA method. The binary logistic regression model was applied to assess the association between independent variables (genders, regions and age groups) and adherence to dietary patterns. With the exception of meat (100 ± 260 g/day) and soybean nuts (42 ± 12 g/day), which exceeded the recommended dietary intakes of CDP, the dietary intake of other foods were not up to the recommended value. In particular, the intake of aquatic products (2 ± 0.1 g/day), vegetables (90 ± 19 g/day), dairy products (114 ± 29 g/day), cereals (117 ± 27 g/day) and fruits (97 ± 25 g/day) were seriously inadequate, which were 95%, 70%, 62%, 53.2% and 51.5% lower than the recommended intakes, respectively. Four dietary patterns were identified. “Local traditional diet” was characterized by a high intake of tsampa (roasted highland barley flour), culturally specific beverages (sweet tea and yak buttered tea), potato and yak beef and was associated with female, rural and older adults (≥51 years old). The male, urban and 18~30 years old group had a higher adherence score with the “Han diet”, which was comprised of rice, pork, dumplings, eggs, milk and cabbage. The “Beverage diet”, which mainly include tsampa, chang (homemade barley wine) and sweet tea, was associated with the following group: female, urban and aged 18~30 years. The “Out-sourced diet” pattern, consisting of mainly rice, steam bread and some processed meat, was associated with being male, urban and 18–30 years of age. These findings indicate that the dietary practice of the Tibetan people still has strong local characteristics, but it is also undergoing a dietary transition with the penetration of the Chinese Han diet and the increased consumption of outsourced (processed) foods. The unbalanced dietary intake of Tibetan residents should be taken seriously by all parties.

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Dietary Practices and Adolescent Obesity in Secondary School Learners at Disadvantaged Schools in South Africa: Urban–Rural and Gender Differences

Cited by 18 publications

References 36 publications

Determinants of overweight and obesity among adolescents in Zimbabwe: A scoping review

Determinants of overweight and obesity among adolescents in Zimbabwe: A scoping review

Malondialdehyde as an independent predictor of body mass index in adolescent girls

Food Consumption and Dietary Patterns of Local Adults Living on the Tibetan Plateau: Results from 14 Countries along the Yarlung Tsangpo River

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