Dietary polysaccharide from Angelica sinensis enhanced cellular defence responses and disease resistance of grouper Epinephelus malabaricus

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) supplemented in diet on the innate cellular immune response and disease resistance in grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus. Fish were fed diets containing different doses of ASP (0, 500 and 3,000 mg kg -1 diet) for 12 weeks. After 12 week feeding, the respiratory burst activity, phagocytic activity, and leukocytes proliferation in head kidney were assayed. The functional immunity in terms of cumulative mortality was also assessed by a challenge with live Edwardsiella tarda. Results showed that the respiratory burst activities in ASP-supplemented groups were increased significantly. The respiratory burst index was the highest in fish-fed 3000 mg kg -1 diet and the lowest in control. The phagocytic activities in ASP-supplemented groups were significantly higher than that of control. No significant difference in phagocytic activity was observed between ASP-supplemented groups. ASP stimulated the head kidney leukocytes proliferation significantly, despite the absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or not. The cumulative mortalities of fish fed with 3000 mg ASP kg -1 diet were significantly lower than those fed with 500 mg ASP kg -1 diet and control diet after 96 h of challenge. In conclusion, dietary ASP enhanced some cellular immune parameters and disease resistance against E. tarda in grouper.

The use of medicinal plants as immunostimulants in aquaculture: A review

“…A diet with aloe at 0.1% helped to control Vibrio alginolyticus in black rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) (Kim et al, 1999). Among different doses of Angelica sinensis polysaccharide at 0%, 0.05% and 0.3% of diet, the respiratory burst index was the highest in Epinephelus malabaricus fed a 0.3% diet (Wang et al, 2011). A diet with heartleaf moonseed (leaf) extracts at 0.0008% protected Oreochromis mossambicus against Aeromonas hydrophila (Sudhakaran et al, 2006).…”

“…Prunella vulgaris extracts enriched diets enhanced the immune response and disease resistance of Paralichthys olivaceus against Uronema marinum (Harikrishnan et al, 2011b). Dietary Angelica sinensis polysaccharide enhanced some cellular immune parameters and disease resistance against Edwardsiella tarda in Epinephelus malabaricus (Wang et al, 2011).…”

“…Common parts can be used viz. fruit (Massa medicate) (Takaoka et al, 2011), fruit (Piper guineese) and seed (Xylopia aethiopica) (Okeke et al, 2001), leaves Micol et al, 2005;Sudhakaran et al, 2006), roots (Wang et al, 2011), seeds (Kirubakaran et al, 2010;Sivaram et al, 2004), flowers (PerazaGómez et al, 2011), or powders, which can be purchased from markets (Kim et al, 1999;Radhakrishnan et al, 2014;Sahu et al, 2008). Some herbs used in aquaculture are in the form of extract compounds such as Astragalus radix (from Astragalus membranaceus) and Scutellaria radix (from Scutellaria baicalensis) (Yin et al, 2006), and anthraquinone extract (from Rheum officinale Bail) (Liu et al, 2010) are commonly used in aquaculture because of their ability to enhance fish immune systems.…”

“…The extract processes are simple . The extraction can be done with acetone (Punitha et al, 2008), benzene (Balasubramanian et al, 2008;Punitha et al, 2008), butanol (Praseetha, 2005;Punitha et al, 2008), ethanol (Adigüzel et al, 2005;Harikrishnan et al, 2011c;Hwang et al, 2013;Sudhakaran et al, 2006;Wang et al, 2011), ethyl acetate (Abutbul et al, 2004), methanol (Adigüzel et al, 2005;Balasubramanian et al, 2007;Citarasu et al, 2003), hexane (Adigüzel et al, 2005), petroleum ether (Balasubramanian et al, 2007;Punitha et al, 2008;Sudhakaran et al, 2006), diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate (Balasubramanian et al, 2007), or even boiling in hot water (Immanuel et al, 2010), boiling in water and then fermented by yeasts (Takaoka et al, 2011).…”

Traditional Chinese Medicine Enhances Growth, Immune Response, and Resistance to Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile Tilapia

“…The roots of Angelica sinensis (Wang et al. ), Astragalus membranaceus (Elabd et al. ), and Crataegus hupehensis (Guo and Jiao ) are well‐known herbal plants that have been used for thousands of years in traditional Chinese medicinal prescriptions.…”