Dietary Patterns Derived from Reduced Rank Regression Are Associated with the 5-Year Occurrence of Metabolic Syndrome: Aichi Workers’ Cohort Study

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to derive dietary patterns to explain variation in a set of nutrient intakes or in the measurements of waist circumference (WC) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) using reduced rank regression (RRR) and to prospectively investigate these patterns in relation to the risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components during the follow-up. The study participants were comprised of 2944 government employees aged 30–59 years without MetS. RRR was applied with 38 food groups as predictors and with two sets of response variables. The first set included intake of putatively beneficial nutrients, and the first factor retained was named the Healthy Dietary Pattern (HDP). The second one included baseline WC and FBG, and the first factor was named the Unhealthy Dietary Pattern (UHDP). Multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals with adjustments for age, sex, total energy consumption and other potential confounders. During the 5-year median follow-up, we ascertained 374 cases of MetS. The HDP score was inversely associated with the incidence of MetS (p-trend = 0.009) and hypertension (p-trend = 0.002) and marginally significantly associated with elevated triglyceride and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p-trend = 0.08). The UHDP score was linearly positively associated with the incidence of MetS and all its components (all p-trend < 0.05). Both the HDP and UHDP predicted the development of MetS and its components.

The Influence of Eating Habits on Type 2 Diabetes in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review

“…A case-control study on patients with type 2 DM in Tabuk City, Saudi Arabia, showed that fast food intake (p<0.001), fruit consumption (p=0.004), and breakfast skipping (p<0.001) were positively associated with diabetes, while sweet food consumption was negatively associated with diabetes control (p=0.046) [ 12 ]. One cohort study reported that a healthy diet was negatively associated with metabolic syndrome (p=0.009) and hypertension (p= 0.002), while an unhealthy diet was associated with all of its components (insulin resistance, high blood triglycerides, low levels of HDL cholesterol, obesity, and high blood pressure) (p<0.05), increasing risks for type 2 DM [ 27 ]. Two articles (one cohort and one cross-sectional) reported a positive association between a plant-based diet and good diabetic management [ 28 ], reduced triglyceride levels, and increased HDL levels [ 29 ].…”