Dietary Patterns and Prostate Cancer Risk: Report from the Population Based ULSAM Cohort Study of Swedish Men

Abstract

Dietary pattern analyses have increased the possibilities to detect associations between diet and disease. However, studies on dietary pattern and prostate cancer are scarce. Food intake data in the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men cohort was determined by 7-day food records. Adherence to a modified Mediterranean Diet Score (mMDS) and a low carbohydrate-high protein (LCHP) score were grouped as low, medium, or high in the whole study population (n = 1,044) and in those identified as adequate reporters of energy intake (n = 566), respectively. Prostate cancer risk was analyzed with Cox proportional hazard regression (median follow-up 13 years) and competing risk of death was considered. There were no associations between dietary patterns and prostate cancer (n = 133) in the whole study population. Among adequate reporters the mMDS was not associated with prostate cancer (n = 72). The LCHP score was inversely related to prostate cancer in adequate reporters, adjusted hazard ratios; 0.55 (0.32-0.96) for medium and 0.47 (0.21-1.04) for high compared to low adherent participants (P-for-trend 0.04). Risk relations were not attributable to competing risk of death. In this study, a LCHP diet was associated with lower prostate cancer incidence. Relations emerged in adequate reporters, underscoring the importance of high-quality dietary data.

Dietary Patterns after Prostate Cancer Diagnosis in Relation to Disease-Specific and Total Mortality

“…Prospective studies investigating the relation of dietary pattern and PCa incidence have reported inconsistent results (8, 18-21). Three cohorts evaluating dietary patterns using principal component analysis (as we did in this study) found no association between the data-derived patterns and PCa risk (8, 19, 20).…”

“…Three cohorts evaluating dietary patterns using principal component analysis (as we did in this study) found no association between the data-derived patterns and PCa risk (8, 19, 20). Using index-based methods, studies indicated that alternate or modified Mediterranean Diet Score were not appreciatively associated with risk of PCa (18, 21), whereas the Healthy Eating Index-2005 and Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2000 were significantly associated with lower risk of developing incident PCa (18, 21). However, studies on risk of total PCa are expected to differ from those that focus on disease-specific mortality, due to the high incidence of indolent PCa in populations with PSA screening.…”

Dietary Carbohydrate and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis

“…Prostate cancer has an important genetic component (3). Besides, lifestyles especially dietary factors are also reported to influence prostate cancer risk (4,5).…”

CIMMYT Series on Carbohydrates, Wheat, Grains, and Health: Carbohydrates, Grains, and Whole Grains and Disease Prevention. Part IV. Cancer Risk: Lung, Prostate, and Stomach

“…In the ULSAM study, those who adhered more closely to a low-CHO, high-protein diet were associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer (67).…”