Dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation increases the rate of muscle protein synthesis in older adults: a randomized controlled trial

Smith, Gordon I.; Atherton, Philip J.; Reeds, Dominic N.; Mohammed, B. Selma; Rankin, Debbie; Rennie, Michael J.; Mittendorfer, Bettina

doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.005611

Cited by 535 publications

(604 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In a cross-sectional analysis of the of the InCHIANTI study [88] Abbatecola et al [138] reported that n-3 fatty acid concentrations were associated with a shorter time to complete a 7-m walk, independent of multiple confounders; at the 3-year follow-up, baseline n-3 fatty acid concentrations continued to be inversely associated with the development of impaired physical performance, as assessed by the SPPB (OR: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.08-0.53; p = 0.001) [138]. Smith et al [139] previously published novel evidence supporting the efficacy of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on its role in increasing muscle anabolic signalling activity and stimulating MPS above basal postabsorptive values in older adults. In a recently published RCT, Smith et al [140] further showed that a 6-month n-3 fatty acid intervention, without exercise, had statistical and clinically beneficial effects on attenuating sarcopenic symptomology by increasing thigh muscle volume (3.6%; 95% CI: 0.2-7.0%), hand-grip strength (2.3kg; 95% CI: 0.8-3.7kg) and upper/lower body 1-RM muscle strength (4.0%; 95% CI: 0.8-7.3%) (all p <0.05).…”

Section: Underlying Mechanisms Underpinning the Potential Benefits Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the exact mechanisms being unclear, the investigators of these studies identified that the anabolic effects of n-3 fatty acids are independent of any significant influence on inflammation. Rather, they likely involve alterations in both anabolic and catabolic pathways, improved mitochondrial functioning and biogenesis, neuroprotection and motor-neuron excitability properties [139][140][141].…”

Section: Underlying Mechanisms Underpinning the Potential Benefits Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mediterranean Diet attenuates risk of frailty and sarcopenia: New insights and future directions

McClure

Villani

2017

JCSM Clinical Reports

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Sarcopenia and physical frailty are associated with progressive disability and predictive of negative health outcomes. Dietary interventions are considered the cornerstone in the management of sarcopenic symptomology and physical frailty. However few studies have investigated preventative strategies. Moreover, most studies have focused on the efficacy of individual nutrients or supplements rather than dietary patterns. The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is a dietary pattern that provides evidence for an association between diet quality, healthy ageing and disease prevention. The purpose of this paper was to examine, synthesise and develop a narrative review of the current literature, investigating the potential benefits associated with adherence to a MedDiet and attenuation of physical frailty and sarcopenic symptomology in older adults. We also explored the underlying mechanisms underpinning the potential benefits of the MedDiet on ameliorating physical frailty and sarcopenic symptomology. Synthesis of the reviewed literature is suggestive of a decreased risk of physical frailty and sarcopenic symptomology with greater adherence to a MedDiet. We identified the anti-inflammatory and high antioxidant components of the MedDiet as two potential biological mechanisms involved. Due to a lack of evidence from RCTs to support the proposed physiological mechanisms, we suggest investigating these observations in older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) whom are vulnerable to physical frailty and disability. A number of biological mechanisms describing the pathway to disability in older adults with T2DM have been postulated with many of these mechanisms potentially mitigated with dietary interventions involving the MedDiet. Exploring these mechanisms with the use of well-designed, longer-term dietary intervention studies in older adults with an increased vulnerability to physical frailty and sarcopenia is warranted.

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Section: Underlying Mechanisms Underpinning the Potential Benefits Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Underlying Mechanisms Underpinning the Potential Benefits Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediterranean Diet attenuates risk of frailty and sarcopenia: New insights and future directions

McClure

Villani

2017

JCSM Clinical Reports

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“…Recent human studies have found that supplementation with long chain n-3 PUFA increases rates of protein synthesis and augments the muscle protein anabolic response, and may also attenuate acute muscle loss (cachexia) (236)(237)(238)(239)(240)(241) . One small observational study found a negative association with appendicular lean mass and saturated fat, and a comprehensive study of dietary fat composition and muscle mass found positive associations with the PUFA:SFA ratio and negative associations with saturated and trans fatty acids (15,81) .…”

Section: Dietary Fat Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional influences on age-related skeletal muscle loss

2013

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Age-related muscle loss impacts on whole-body metabolism and leads to frailty and sarcopenia, which are risk factors for fractures and mortality. Although nutrients are integral to muscle metabolism the relationship between nutrition and muscle loss has only been extensively investigated for protein and amino acids. The objective of the present paper is to describe other aspects of nutrition and their association with skeletal muscle mass. Mechanisms for muscle loss relate to imbalance in protein turnover with a number of anabolic pathways of which the mechanistic TOR pathway and the IGF-1-Akt-FoxO pathways are the most characterised.

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“…Among those, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) also have direct muscle anabolic actions independent of their anti-inflammatory actions (4-6) suggesting that this might be a valuable therapeutic approach for the treatment of PEW in MHD patients (4,7). In this study, we aimed to estimate the association between high-dose v-3 fatty acid supplementation on the rates of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown in MHD patients with underlying systemic inflammation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Dose Omega-3 Fatty Acid Administration and Skeletal Muscle Protein Turnover in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients

Deger

Hung

Ellis³

et al. 2016

CJASN

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Background and Objectives Protein energy wasting and systemic inflammation are prevalent in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Omega-3 (v-3) fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and have been shown to improve protein homeostasis. We hypothesized that administration of high-dose (2.9 g/d) v-3 would be associated with decreased muscle protein breakdown in MHD patients with systemic inflammation.Design, setting, participants & measurements This is a substudy from a randomized, placebo-controlled study (NCT00655525). Patients were recruited between September 2008 and June 2011. Primary inclusion criteria included signs of chronic inflammation (average C-reactive protein of $5 mg/L over three consecutive measurements), lack of active infectious or inflammatory disease, no hospitalization within 1 month prior to the study, and not receiving steroids (.5 mg/d) and/or immunosuppressive agents. The primary outcomes were forearm muscle and whole body protein breakdown and synthesis before and after the intervention. The patients received v-3 (n=11) versus placebo (n=9) for 12 weeks. Analysis of covariance was used to compare outcome variables at 12 weeks. Models were adjusted for a propensity score that was derived from age, sex, race, baseline high sensitivity C-reactive protein, diabetes mellitus, and fat mass because the groups were not balanced for several characteristics.Results Compared with placebo, v-3 supplementation was significantly associated with decreased muscle protein breakdown at 12 weeks (231, [interquartile range, 298-213] versus 26 [interquartile range, 13-87] mg/100 ml per min; P=0.01), which remained significant after multivariate adjustment (246, [95% confidence interval, 2102 to 21] mg/100 ml per min). v-3 Supplementation resulted in decreased forearm muscle protein synthesis while the rate in the placebo group increased; however, there is no longer a statistically significant difference in skeletal muscle protein synthesis or in net protein balance after multivariate adjustment. There was no statistically significant effect of v-3 supplementation on whole body protein synthesis or breakdown.Conclusions High-dose v-3 supplementation over 12 weeks in MHD patients with systemic inflammation was associated with attenuation of forearm muscle protein breakdown but did not influence skeletal muscle protein synthesis, skeletal muscle net protein balance or any component of the whole-body protein balance. These results should be interpreted cautiously given the imbalance in the two groups and the short duration of the intervention.

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Dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation increases the rate of muscle protein synthesis in older adults: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract: Omega-3 fatty acids stimulate muscle protein synthesis in older adults and may be useful for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00794079.

Cited by 535 publications

References 47 publications

Mediterranean Diet attenuates risk of frailty and sarcopenia: New insights and future directions

Mediterranean Diet attenuates risk of frailty and sarcopenia: New insights and future directions

Nutritional influences on age-related skeletal muscle loss

High Dose Omega-3 Fatty Acid Administration and Skeletal Muscle Protein Turnover in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients

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