Dietary niacin levels in practical diets for Litopenaeus vannamei to support maximum growth

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of dietary niacin on growth performance, feed utilization and non-specific immune response in juvenile Pacific white shrimp. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic practical diets were formulated with graded niacin levels of 10. 9, 65.8, 121.2, 203.4, 387.5 and 769.3 mg kg À1 of dry diet, respectively. Results indicated that per cent weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein productive value (PPV) were significantly influenced by the dietary niacin levels. The maximum WG and SGR occurred at 121.2 mg kg À1 niacin diet. However, survival and proximate composition of whole body were not significantly affected by the dietary niacin levels. Dietary niacin levels had no significant effects on the total protein, glucose, triacylglycerol and cholesterol contents in the haemolymph. The activity of catalase and lysozyme in the haemolymph was significantly affected by dietary niacin levels. Based on a two-slope regression analysis of SGR against dietary niacin level, the dietary niacin requirement of juvenile Pacific white shrimp was 109.6 mg kg À1 .

Dietary niacin requirement of fingerlingChanna punctatus(Bloch)

“…In this study, niacin requirement based on broken-line analysis of AWG, PRE, FCR and liver niacin concentration was determined for fingerling C. punctatus and was found to range between 37.1-52.3 mg/kg. This requirement is less than the requirement reported for brook trout 95, gilthead seabream 63-83, Pacific salmon 150-200 (Halver, 2002;NRC, 2011) but higher than the requirement reported for channel catfish 14 (Halver, 2002), rainbow trout 10-50 (Poston & Wolfe, 1985), channel catfish 7.4 (Ng, Serrini, (Mohamed & Ibrahim, 2001, NRC, 2011, Jiang et al, 2014Xia et al, 2015;Li et al, 2016Li et al, , 2017. It has been suggested that differences in niacin requirements may also be the result of metabolic differences between species in the ability to convert tryptophan to niacin (Shiau & Suen, 1992;Terakata et al, 2013;Xia et al, 2015).…”

“…Among these, niacin is an important water‐soluble vitamin which acts as a cofactor for several enzymatic reactions. Niacin can be converted to nicotinamide in vivo; therefore, niacin directly participates in the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP; Jiang et al., ; Xia et al., ). Both NAD and NADP play a crucial role in several energy yielding and biosynthetic pathways and are indispensable for the transfer of hydrogen and electrons in the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins (NRC, , Li et al., ).…”

“…rohita, 33, C. mrigala 30 (Ahmed, ), grass carp 34.01‐42.08 (Li et al., ) mg/kg of diet. The discrepancy in the niacin requirements possibly because of the variations in fish size, quality of the diet, laboratory conditions, species differences, methodology and assessment criteria (Mohamed & Ibrahim, , NRC, , Jiang et al., ; Xia et al., ; Li et al., , ). It has been suggested that differences in niacin requirements may also be the result of metabolic differences between species in the ability to convert tryptophan to niacin (Shiau & Suen, ; Terakata et al., ; Xia et al., ).…”

“…The traditionally defined water‐soluble vitamins seem to be essential to all examined farmed fish species so far (Waagbo, ). The basic roles and deficiency signs of the single vitamins are detailed in the literature (Halver, ; NRC, , Jiang et al., ; Xia et al., ; Li et al., ). Among these water‐soluble vitamins, niacin is one of the most stable vitamins and exists in two forms, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide.…”

“…The symptoms associated with niacin deficiency are well documented for many cultured fish species (Halver, ; NRC, ; Li et al., ). Consequently, supplementation of diets for intensively cultured fish with niacin is now commonplace (Jiang et al., ; Xia et al., ; Li et al., ).…”