Dietary Lipid Levels Affect Growth and Fatty Acid Profiles of Malaysian Mahseer Tor tambroides

Abstract

After protein, the second major essential macronutrient in fish diet is lipid. This study was conducted to determine the optimum level of dietary lipid for the best growth performance of juvenile Malaysian mahseer Tor tambroides. Four isonitrogenous diets containing 40% crude protein were formulated to contain different levels of lipid (5, 10, 15, or 20% on an as‐fed basis). Cod liver oil was incorporated into the feed as the main dietary lipid source used to formulate the diets while residual oil coming from other ingredients contributed about 5% of dietary lipid. The experimental diets were labeled as L5, L10, L15, or L20 to denote the levels of dietary lipid. Fish were fed the experimental diets in triplicate groups for 63 d. Growth performance, survival rate, and daily feed intake by Malaysian mahseer significantly decreased when fed diets in which levels of dietary lipid increased from 5% to 20%. However, the growth performance did not vary significantly between fish fed the L5 and L10 diets. The increase in dietary lipid significantly increased the hepatosomatic index but did not influence the viscerosomatic index. Increasing dietary lipid levels also decreased the lipid content in the whole body composition of fish. The monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents of fish liver significantly increased with the increase of dietary lipid. The results of this study suggested that 5% dietary lipid is sufficient for the best survival rate and growth performance of juvenile Malaysian mahseer.

Effects of dietary fish oil replacement by microalgae raw materials on growth performance, body composition and fatty acid profile of juvenile olive flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

“…Dietary FA composition has obvious effect on the FA profile of fish tissues (Tan et al 2009;Aliyu-Paiko et al 2010;Ramezani-Fard et al 2012). In this study, with the reducing content of fish oil and soybean oil in the diets, a decreased level of C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 was observed in the muscle and liver of fish.…”

Comparative study of gut microbiota in wild and captive Malaysian Mahseer (Tor tambroides)

“…One of the major problems with T. tambroides captive breeding is the slow growth of T. tambroides (Lee et al., ). There were many studies on the different feed formulations and feed additives that improved the growth rate of T. tambroides (Ishak, Kamarudin, Ramezani‐Fard, & Yusof, ; Kamarudin, Ramezani‐Fard, Saad, & Harmin, ; Misieng, Kamarudin, & Musa, ; Ng & Andin, ; Ng et al., ; Ramezani‐Fard, Kamarudin, Saad, Harmin, & Goh, ). There were also studies on effects of host gut‐derived probiotic bacteria to T. tambroides where the probiotic improved nutrients utilization and metabolism, adjusting gut microbiota balance and enhanced growth by promoting muscle fiber hypertrophy (Asaduzzaman, Iehata, et al., ; Asaduzzaman, Sofia, et al., ).…”

Assessing the feasibility of using pomegranate (Punica granatum) seed oil, rich in conjugated linolenic acid, as a lipid source in the diet of common carp,Cyprinus carpio, juveniles

“…VOs have been reported to increase whole body or tissue lipid in some freshwater fishes (Kamarudin et al, ; Ljubojević et al, ; Ng, Abdullah, & De Silva, ; Ramezani‐Fard et al, ). In this study, substitution of dietary FO with SO significantly increased lipid content of carp muscle.…”

“…The period of light was 12 hr lighting and 12 hr darkness. Experiment was performed for 8 weeks and fish were fed manually close to visual satiety two times a day (0,900 and 1600 hr) (Ramezani‐Fard et al, ). Fish in each aquarium were batch‐weighed at the beginning and end of feeding trial as well as every two weeks.…”

“…PA has several beneficial biological characteristics including anti diabetes, anti‐obesity and epidermis regeneration, and also has a strong cytotoxic effect on tumour cells (Arao et al, ; Aslam, Lansky, & Varani, ; Gasmi & Sanderson, ; Grossmann, Mizuno, Schuster, & Cleary, ; Hora, Maydew, Lansky, & Dwivedi, ; Kohno et al, ; McFarlin, Strohacker, & Kueht, ; Suzuki et al, ). Regarding the current use of fish oil (FO) in aquafeed and its discrepancy with sustainable development, as well as a sharp increase in FO price, vegetable oils (VOs) have been suggested as the full or partial replacement for FO in aquafeed industry (Asdari, Aliyu‐Paiko, & Hashim, ; Bell, Tocher, Henderson, Dick, & Crampton, ; Ramezani‐Fard, Kamarudin, Saad, & Harmin, ; Ramezani‐Fard, Kamarudin, Saad, Harmin, & Meng, ; Srivastava et al, ). However, significant amount of saturated fatty acid (SFA) found in some VOs such as palm oil may increase fish body fat and affect fish health as well as fillet quality (Kamarudin, Ramezani‐Fard, Saad, & Harmin, ).…”