Dietary Linoleic Acid Elevates the Endocannabinoids 2‐AG and Anandamide and Promotes Weight Gain in Mice Fed a Low Fat Diet

Alvheim, Anita Røyneberg; Torstensen, Bente E.; Lin, Yu Hong; Lillefosse, Haldis H.; Lock, Erik-Jan; Madsen, Lise; Frøyland, Livar; Hibbeln, Joseph R.; Kjellevold, Marian

doi:10.1007/s11745-013-3842-y

Cited by 76 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(88 reference statements)

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“…Recent reviews suggest that disruption of the eCB system by an elevated omega-6/omega-3 ratio contributes strongly to the metabolic dysregulation associated with the modern Western diet (Freitas et al, 2017, Mazier et al, 2015, Brown et al, 2013, Matias and Di Marzo, 2007, Matias et al, 2008, Bisogno and Maccarrone, 2014, De Petrocellis and Di Marzo, 2009, Engeli, 2008, DiPatrizio and Piomelli, 2012, Engeli et al, 2005, Simopoulos, 2002, Simopoulos, 2016, Alvheim et al, 2014. Elevated production of the endocannabinoids AEA and 2-AG is central to the health problems associated with the elevated omega-6/omega-3 ratio.…”

Section: Overview Of the Ecb Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1). Elevated CB1R activity in turn directly causes excess intake, storage, and conservation of energy leading to disruption of body mass and adipose tissue homeostasis (Engeli, 2008, Simopoulos, 2002, Simopoulos, 2016, DiPatrizio and Piomelli, 2012, Freitas et al, 2017, Mazier et al, 2015, Bisogno and Maccarrone, 2014, Alvheim et al, 2014, Khan et al, 2014b, Cardinal et al, 2012, Cota et al, 2003a, Cota et al, 2003b, Engeli et al, 2005. Omega-3 fatty acids are receiving considerable attention as dietary supplements due to their apparent ability to reduce obesity, inflammation and associated chronic diseases.…”

Section: Overview Of the Ecb Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It stimulates the appetite centers of the brain, leading to hyperphagia and favoring fat accumulation in adipose tissue. At the same time, CB1R activation reduces energy expenditures (Simopoulos, 2002, DiPatrizio and Piomelli, 2012, Freitas et al, 2017, Mazier et al, 2015, Engeli, 2008, Bisogno and Maccarrone, 2014, Alvheim et al, 2014, Khan et al, 2014a, Cota et al, 2003a, Cota et al, 2003b, Farrimond et al, 2011. These actions contribute to homeostasis in the context of a hunter-gatherer diet of plants, plant-feeding animals, and fish.…”

Section: Role Of Ecb and Cb1r In Obesity And Metabolic Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the modern industrial Western diet, characterized by an elevated omega-6/omega-3 ratio (Blasbalg et al, 2011), leads to chronic overstimulation of CB1R (Freitas et al, 2017, Mazier et al, 2015, Simopoulos, 2016. When combined with the elevated glycemic load of the modern Western diet, this contributes strongly to increased rates of obesity, unfavorable lipid profiles, insulin resistance, exacerbation of inflammation in the liver and kidneys, and increased cardiometabolic risk (Gertsch, 2017, Engeli, 2008, Ginsberg and Woods, 2009, Alvheim et al, 2014.…”

Section: Role Of Ecb and Cb1r In Obesity And Metabolic Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The central role of CB1R in appetite, energy intake, energy conservation, and diet-induced obesity (Freitas et al, 2017, Mazier et al, 2015, Alvheim et al, 2014, Engeli et al, 2005, Engeli, 2008, Cota et al, 2003a, Cota et al, 2003b, Cardinal et al, 2012, DiPatrizio and Piomelli, 2012, Matias and Di Marzo, 2007, Matias et al, 2008, Pagotto et al, 2006, and the hyperphagia and hypothermia resulting from acute stimulation of CB1R by THC (Farrimond et al, 2011, Borgen et al, 1973, makes CB1R a prime suspect for a causative role in the effects of Cannabis use on BMI.…”

Section: Theoretical Explanation For the Decreased Bmi Of Cannabis Usersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Theoretical Explanation for Reduced Body Mass Index and Obesity Rates in <em>Cannabis</em> Users

Clark

Jones

Hall

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract:Obesity is treatment-resistant, and is linked with a number of serious, chronic diseases. Adult obesity rates in the United States have tripled since the early 1960s. Recent reviews show that an increased ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids contributes to obesity rates by increasing levels of the endocannabinoid signals AEA and 2-AG, overstimulating CB1R and leading to increased caloric intake, reduced metabolic rates, and weight gain. Cannabis, or THC, also stimulates CB1R and increases caloric intake during acute exposures. The present meta-analysis reveals significantly reduced body mass index and rates of obesity in Cannabis users, in conjunction with increased caloric intake. We provide for the first time a causative explanation for this paradox, in which rapid and long-lasting downregulation of CB1R following acute Cannabis consumption reduces energy intake and storage and increases metabolic rates, thus reversing the impact on body mass index of elevated dietary omega-6/omega-3 ratios.Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted:

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Section: Overview Of the Ecb Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Overview Of the Ecb Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Role Of Ecb and Cb1r In Obesity And Metabolic Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Role Of Ecb and Cb1r In Obesity And Metabolic Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theoretical Explanation For the Decreased Bmi Of Cannabis Usersmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Theoretical Explanation for Reduced Body Mass Index and Obesity Rates in <em>Cannabis</em> Users

Clark

Jones

Hall

et al. 2018

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Different Ratios of Corn and Coconut Oil Blends in High‐Fat Diets Influence Fat Deposition without Altering Metabolic Biomarkers in Male Rats

Voon

Yong

Phang

et al. 2020

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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The effects of high‐fat diets with the recommended dietary linoleic acid (LA) intake levels on health outcomes have not been studied extensively. This study investigated the effects of high‐fat diets containing different weight ratios of coconut and corn oil with LA levels of <1.00% of energy (very low LA), 2.80% of energy (low LA), 5.80% of energy (moderate LA), and 9.70% of energy (high LA) on fat deposition and selected metabolic biomarkers of male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Their initial and terminal body weights are recorded. Blood, adipose tissue, and liver samples are obtained for analysis after an 8‐week feeding intervention. Compared with the very low‐LA diet, the high‐LA diet resulted in higher body weight gain and epididymal fat deposition. No significant differences are observed in liver‐to‐body weight ratio, blood glucose, visfatin, and leptin levels between the test diets. Serum tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), insulin, and C‐peptide levels do not significantly increase with the increase in dietary LA levels. High‐LA diet results in higher LA levels in the liver and adipose tissue. It is concluded that a high‐fat diet containing high LA levels induced body weight gain and epididymal fat deposition in rats but has no effect on selected metabolic biomarkers. Practical applications: Linoleic acid (LA) (C18:2) plays an important role as one of the nutritional elements to meet the daily essential fatty acid requirements. However, a full understanding is perplexed by the various ways that LA can be included in the diet when there is a recommendation to substitute saturated fatty acid (SFA), trans‐ or n‐3 fatty acids intake. The data provide additional findings on the effects of excessive dietary intake of LA (C18:2) on fat deposition when different levels of SFAs are replaced.

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Lipopolysaccharide Alters Thermogenic and Inflammatory Genes in White Adipose Tissue in Mice Fed Diets with Distinct 18‐Carbon Fatty‐Acid Composition

Shin

Ajuwon

2018

Lipids

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Fatty acids are involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses in obesity. However, despite being the largest dietary fatty‐acid class, effects of 18‐carbon fatty acids with different degrees of saturation on inflammatory, metabolic, and thermogenic markers have not been well studied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test if diets with different 18‐carbon fatty‐acid profiles differentially regulate inflammatory and metabolic genes. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed one of the four different diets: a control diet (CON) containing 5.6% kcal fat from lard and 4.4% kcal fat from soybean oil (CON) or three high‐fat diets (HFD) containing 25% kcal fat from lard and 20% kcal fat from either shea butter oil (saturated fatty‐acid‐rich fat; shea butter [SHB]), olive oil (monounsaturated fatty‐acid‐rich fat; olive oil [OO]), or soybean oil (polyunsaturated fatty‐acid‐rich fat; soybean oil [SBO]) ad libitum for 4 weeks with or without a terminal 4‐h lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. Compared to CON, HFD‐fed mice had higher weight gain and fat accumulation. The OO group had the highest brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass while the SBO group had higher Il6 and lower Cpt1a expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) than other HFD groups. Treatment with LPS upregulated expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and this was associated with downregulation of thermogenic gene expression. However, the diets did not have differential effects on inflammatory response to LPS. These data indicate that the saturation degree of 18‐C fatty acids is not an important factor on response to LPS with regard to metabolic and inflammatory indicators.

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Dietary Linoleic Acid Elevates the Endocannabinoids 2‐AG and Anandamide and Promotes Weight Gain in Mice Fed a Low Fat Diet

Cited by 76 publications

References 59 publications

Theoretical Explanation for Reduced Body Mass Index and Obesity Rates in <em>Cannabis</em> Users

Theoretical Explanation for Reduced Body Mass Index and Obesity Rates in <em>Cannabis</em> Users

Different Ratios of Corn and Coconut Oil Blends in High‐Fat Diets Influence Fat Deposition without Altering Metabolic Biomarkers in Male Rats

Lipopolysaccharide Alters Thermogenic and Inflammatory Genes in White Adipose Tissue in Mice Fed Diets with Distinct 18‐Carbon Fatty‐Acid Composition

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