Dietary lead intakes for mother/child pairs and relevance to pharmacokinetic models.

Gulson, Brian L.; Mahaffey, Kathryn R.; Vidal, Marta; Jameson, C. W.; Law, Alistair J.; Mizon, Karen J.; Smith, A J; Korsch, Michael

doi:10.1289/ehp.971051334

Cited by 57 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The variations observed in both isotopic composition and BPb concentration for premenopausal and postmenopausal subjects in the study compared with the smooth trends found in nonpregnant adult females 18-35 years of age (37) (Figures 4 and 5) are considered to reflect more extensive bone remodeling in the older subjects and larger fluctuations in BPb concentration in particular. The significant relations between total lead in blood and initial BPb concentration observed for the elderly subjects ( Figure 8) compared with the scatter for pregnant subjects was, however, unexpected and at this stage cannot be easily explained.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Skeletal lead release during bone resorption: effect of bisphosphonate treatment in a pilot study.

Gulson

Mizon

Smith

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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Exposure to lead is still an international public health problem, despite major reductions in its use in industrial processes in developed countries (1). The neurotoxic effects of lead in the fetus, neonate, and infant are well recognized (2). The main reservoir of lead within the body is the skeleton and, until recently, lead was considered to be relatively immobile in this compartment. Recent studies using the stable lead isotope fingerprinting method in nonhuman primates (3,4) as well as in humans (5,6) indicate that lead, like calcium, is mobilized from the maternal skeleton and transferred to the fetus and neonate during pregnancy and lactation. Other times of physiologic stress that could result in additional release of lead from the skeleton include menopause (7). In a preliminary assessment of data from the Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES III), higher blood lead (BPb) levels were observed in postmenopausal compared with premenopausal women (3.9 vs. 2.6 µg/dL), consistent with the increased bone turnover that occurs during the hormonal changes of menopause. Moreover, higher BPb levels were associated with lower bone density in perimenopausal women (8). Similar relationships in BPb and menopause were noted earlier (9). In a study of 903 women 35-64 years of age from Mexico City, the highest BPb levels were observed in women 47-50 years of age, with a mean difference between pre-and postmenopausal women of 0.76 µg/dL (10). These higher blood levels could have significant health implications because increased BPb levels in adults have been correlated with hypertension (11-16), decreased renal function (17), impaired neurocognitive function (18), and Alzheimer disease (19).Antiresorptive agents that inhibit resorption in the bone remodeling process may reduce or even reverse the demineralization process documented during pregnancy and lactation, observed in perimenopausal women (20), and seen in men and women with corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis (21). Thus, these agents may have the additional benefit of preventing increases in BPb levels commonly seen in these life stages. During pregnancy, calcium supplementation is associated with lower BPb levels (22-24), although calcium given alone has not been proven to reverse the loss of bone mineral density during pregnancy (24) or in postmenopausal subjects (25). In menopausal women, antiresorptive agents such as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and bisphosphonates are capable of preventing loss of bone density (20,25,26). Postmenopausal women taking HRT have been observed to have significantly higher cortical bone lead concentrations than those not taking HRT (27). To our knowledge there have been no prospective studies to document the effect of antiresorptive agents on BPb levels in healthy adults.We performed a pilot study of the effect of a potent bisphosphonate (alendronate) administered over a 6-month period on BPb levels and other markers of bone turnover in healthy pre-and postmenopausal women and men. The aim of this s...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Skeletal lead release during bone resorption: effect of bisphosphonate treatment in a pilot study.

Gulson

Mizon

Smith

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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“…In other words, lead in the bloodstream may also be composed of lead that has been remobilized from endogenous sources, such as the skeleton, that have accumulated lead over medium to long periods of exposure (e.g., > 6 months). The importance of mobilized skeletal lead as a contributor to blood lead levels has been shown in adults (21,(47)(48)(49)(50), and in children (51). As a result of the mixing of lead from these different exogenous and endogenous sources, there may be a shift in the blood isotopic ratios away from the isotopic ratios of the main exogenous source(s) of exposure toward the isotopic values of lead released from the endogenous (skeletal) source(s).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead Isotopes as a Supplementary Tool in the Routine Evaluation of Household Lead Hazards

Gwiazda¹,

Smith²

2000

Environmental Health Perspectives

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“…If the acute oral reference dose was not given, the chronic oral reference dose was used. Oral reference doses were converted to intravenous doses based on a conservative assumption that only 10% of a gastrointestinal dose of heavy metal would be absorbed with the exception of Hg [52][53][54]. Thus, an "intravenous reference dose" would be 1/10 th of the oral reference dose.…”

Section: Calculations Of Estimated Tolerable Acute Intravenous Dosementioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic Metal Contamination of Banked Blood Designated for Neonatal Transfusion

Sundararajan¹,

Blatz²,

Dearborn³

et al. 2015

J Clin Toxicol

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Objective: Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants frequently receive blood transfusions. We hypothesize that toxic metals in donor blood may pose a health risk with potential adverse neurologic effects on the developing brain of a vulnerable VLBW infant. Study design:Samples from 100 donor blood units were collected from a large urban hospital. Blood was analyzed for aluminum, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, manganese, mercury, nickel, lead and polonium. The estimated upper limit of acceptable metal concentration in donor blood was calculated assuming a transfusion volume of 20 ml/kg and using either previously published acceptable intravenous doses or oral reference doses with a conservative estimate of 10% gastrointestinal absorption. Ingested mercury was assumed to be 95% absorbed.Results: Eight of the nine metals were detectable. Concentrations of arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, mercury and polonium were not of concern for any single blood transfusion. Concentrations of aluminum, manganese, nickel and lead exceeded the estimated upper limit of acceptable concentration in 5, 11, 4 and 26 units respectively. Of the 100 units, 31 had at least one toxic metal concentration high enough to pose a potential health risk.Conclusions: VLBW infants are exposed to heavy metals that are toxic from blood transfusion. The number of units with concerning levels of toxic metals was higher than expected. Neonatologists should be aware of this potential exposure to toxic metals from donor blood when decision is made to administer blood transfusion. Neurodevelopmental studies of toxic metal exposed infants from blood transfusion are warranted.

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Dietary lead intakes for mother/child pairs and relevance to pharmacokinetic models.

Cited by 57 publications

References 38 publications

Skeletal lead release during bone resorption: effect of bisphosphonate treatment in a pilot study.

Skeletal lead release during bone resorption: effect of bisphosphonate treatment in a pilot study.

Lead Isotopes as a Supplementary Tool in the Routine Evaluation of Household Lead Hazards

Toxic Metal Contamination of Banked Blood Designated for Neonatal Transfusion

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