Lead Isotopes as a Supplementary Tool in the Routine Evaluation of Household Lead Hazards

Gwiazda, R.; Smith, Donald R.

doi:10.2307/3434964

Cited by 9 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 43 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…While children are the most at‐risk population for Pb poisoning, estimating exposure in adults is critical as well, specifically for the vulnerable population of pregnant women. The placenta has been shown to be a poor barrier to Pb, and the relationship between maternal BLL and umbilical cord BLL has been demonstrated to be linear across a wide range of BLLs (Graziano et al, 1990). The calculations above represent the first step in estimating the total and mass balance of Pb exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To differentiate the relative contribution of the two Pb sources (Pb-based paint and leaded gasoline additives) to urban garden soil, both trace elemental ratio analysis (Adgate et al, 1998) and Pb isotopic analysis (Rabinowitz, 1995;Gwiazda and Smith, 2000;Brabander et al, unpublished data, 2006) were conducted on a subset of soil samples. Whereas white Pb (basic Pb carbonate) was by far the dominant Pb-based white pigment used in paints (Rabinowitz and Hall, 2002), other pigments were developed to make paint more resistant to weathering.…”

Section: Sources Of Leadmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Sources, Sinks, and Exposure Pathways of Lead in Urban Garden Soil

Clark

Brabander

Erdil³

2006

J of Env Quality

116

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The chemistry of Pb in urban soil must be understood in order to limit human exposure to Pb in soil and produce and to implement remediation schemes. In inner-city gardens where Pb contamination is prevalent and financial resources are limited, it is critical to identify the variables that control Pb bioavailability. Field-portable X-ray fluorescence was used to measure Pb in 103 urban gardens in Roxbury and Dorchester, MA, and 88% were found to contain Pb above the USEPA reportable limit of 400 mug g(-1). Phosphorus, iron, loss on ignition, and pH data were collected, Pb-bearing phases were identified by X-ray diffraction, and Pb isotopes were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Four test crops were grown both in situ and in Roxbury soil in a greenhouse, and plant tissue was analyzed for Pb uptake by polarized energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Variation at the neighborhood scale in soil mineralogical and chemical characteristics suggests that the bioavailable fraction of Pb in gardens is site specific. Based on Pb isotope analysis, two historical Pb sources appear to dominate the inventory of Pb in Roxbury gardens: leaded gasoline ((207) Pb/(206) Pb = 0.827) and Pb-based paint ((207)Pb/(206) Pb = 0.867). Nearly 70% of the samples analyzed can be isotopically described by mixing these two end members, with Pb-based paint contributing 40 to 80% of the mass balance. A simplified urban human exposure model suggests that the consumption of produce from urban gardens is equivalent to approximately 10 to 25% of children's daily exposure from tap water. Furthermore, analysis of over 60 samples of plant tissue from the four test species suggests that in these urban gardens unamended phytoremediation is an inadequate tool for decreasing soil Pb.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sources Of Leadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources, Sinks, and Exposure Pathways of Lead in Urban Garden Soil

Clark

Brabander

Erdil³

2006

J of Env Quality

116

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Patterson found that Pb resulting from human activity was everywhere, including water, soil, arctic ice, and most troubling, in people. Indeed, the development of Pb isotopic techniques has significantly enhanced our understanding of sources of additional Pb to the environment and cycling of Pb in soils (Deboudt et al, 1999;Sañudo-Wilhelmy and Gill, 1999;Kurkjian and Flegal, 2003) and in human tissues (Graziano et al, 1996;Gwiazda and Smith, 2000;Manton et al, 2000;Rothenberg et al, 2001). Showing an academic bravery just short of foolishness, Patterson not only published his troubling findings of Pb contamination and potential poisoning in humans in peer-reviewed scientific journals (e.g., Settle and Patterson, 1980), but he also raised the alarm to regulators, industries, and lawmakers, pointing out that the sources of this contaminant were clear and could be completely eliminated.…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Beyond simply documenting Pb distribution and its public health implications, current research is also examining more closely Pb as a toxicological agent with predictable behavior. For example, isotopic techniques have been utilized to closely examine the entry mechanisms of Pb into the body and the cycling of Pb within the body (e.g., Maddaloni et al, 1998;Gwiazda and Smith, 2000), with a goal of pinpointing the source of Pb toxicity in individuals and thus more closely coupling prevention and treatment. Another new tool of promise in accurately assessing Pb poisoning is predictive modeling of children's blood Pb levels using climatologic data.…”

Section: Children's Blood Pb Levels and Diffuse Soil Pbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Lead Poisoning and Medical Geology: An Unfinished Story

Filippelli¹,

Laidlaw²,

Latimer³

et al. 2005

Gsa Today

115

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The intersection between geological sciences and human health, termed medical geology, is gaining significant interest as we understand more completely coupled biogeochemical systems. An example of a medical geology problem largely considered solved is that of lead (Pb) poisoning. With aggressive removal of the major sources of Pb to the environment, including Pb-based paint, leaded gasoline, and lead pipes and solder, the number of children in the United States affected by Pb poisoning has been reduced by 80%, down to a current level of 2.2%. In contrast to this national average, however, about 15% of urban children exhibit blood Pb levels above what has been deemed "safe" (10 µg per deciliter); most of these are children of low socioeconomic-status minority groups. We have analyzed the spatial relationship between Pb toxicity and metropolitan roadways in Indianapolis and conclude that Pb contamination in soils adjacent to roadways, the cumulative residue from the combustion of leaded gasoline, is being remobilized. Developing strategies to remove roadway Pb at the source is a matter of public health and social justice, and constitutes perhaps the final chapter in this particular story of medical geology. IS ALSO ONLINE To view GSA Today online, go to www.gsajournals.org and click on "Online Journals" then on the cover of GSA Today. You can also view back issues through the "Archives" button. Access to GSA Today online is free.

show abstract

“…Following sample collection, most blood samples were either diluted using various diluents containing ammonia to lyse the red blood cells, EDTA to prevent loss of the elements by precipitation or absorption and Triton X-100 to reduce blockage of the injector tube [113][114][115] or (microwave) digested with HNO 3 to destroy the organic matrix. 99,100,112,113,[116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123] Other authors have employed UV irradiation with mixtures containing HNO 3 and H 2 O 2 for this purpose. 121,124 Serum samples were frequently simply diluted with HNO 3 , 110,[125][126][127] high-purity water, 101,102,128 2% HCl 129 or ethanol.…”

Section: Whole Blood Plasma and Serummentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental applications of single collector high resolution ICP-MS

Krachler

2007

J. Environ. Monit.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The number of environmental applications of single collector high resolution ICP-MS (HR-ICP-MS) has increased rapidly in recent years. There are many factors that contribute to make HR-ICP-MS a very powerful tool in environmental analysis. They include the extremely low detection limits achievable, tremendously high sensitivity, the ability to separate ICP-MS signals of the analyte from spectral interferences, enabling the reliable determination of many trace elements, and the reasonable precision of isotope ratio measurements. These assets are improved even further using high efficiency sample introduction systems. Therefore, external factors such as the stability of laboratory blanks are frequently the limiting factor in HR-ICP-MS analysis rather than the detection power. This review aims to highlight the most recent applications of HR-ICP-MS in this sector, focusing on matrices and applications where the superior capabilities of the instrumental technique are most useful and often ultimately required.

show abstract

Lead Isotopes as a Supplementary Tool in the Routine Evaluation of Household Lead Hazards

Cited by 9 publications

References 43 publications

Sources, Sinks, and Exposure Pathways of Lead in Urban Garden Soil

Sources, Sinks, and Exposure Pathways of Lead in Urban Garden Soil

Urban Lead Poisoning and Medical Geology: An Unfinished Story

Environmental applications of single collector high resolution ICP-MS

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About