Dietary intake of differently fed salmon; the influence on markers of human atherosclerosis

Abstract

Tailor-made Atlantic salmon fillets very high in n-3 PUFAs of marine origin seem to impose favourable biochemical changes in patients with CHD when compared with ingestion of fillets with intermediate and low levels of marine n-3 PUFAs, when replaced by rapeseed oil.

Fish In, Fish Out: Perception of Sustainability and Contribution to Public Health

“…The ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 lipids in salmon fed fish oil, rapeseed oil, or the equalblend diet was 6.5, 0.6, and 1.7, respectively. As expected, patients who consumed salmon raised on the 100% fish oil diet exhibited reduced serum triglycerides and other improved indicators of health, whereas these effects were not significant in patients consuming salmon raised on 100% rapeseed or equalblend diets (Seierstad et al 2005). …”

“…However, there are no standards for omega-3 content or for the omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acid ratio of farmed salmon. This ratio depends on the fish oil levels in salmon diets and ultimately determines the health benefits of seafood consumption (Seierstad et al 2005). For example, in a double-blinded intervention study, patients with coronary heart disease were divided into three groups consuming Atlantic Salmon, which was raised on diets containing 100% fish oil, 100% rapeseed oil, or a blend containing equal quantities of these two oils (Seierstad et al 2005).…”

Are we what we eat? Changes to the feed fatty acid composition of farmed salmon and its effects through the food chain

“…Even though all groups experienced favourable changes in serum cholesterol when compared with the baseline level, serum TAG was only reduced in the fish oil group. Inflammatory markers were most changed in the fish oil group, followed by some changes in the fish oil/rapeseed oil group and no significant changes compared with baseline in the rapeseed oil group (Seierstad et al, 2005). The health improvements that were only seen in the fish oil group were most likely because of the high dietary intake of EPA+DHA, whereas the changes observed in all diet groups may also have been related to displacement of other food items from the diet, and/or other components in the fish such as selenium, vitamin D, anti-oxidants and fish proteins.…”

“…However, these intervention studies were generally of short duration and focussed on biomarkers as endpoints. Only two studies (Seierstad et al, 2005;Graff et al, 2016) have focused on the changing feed composition of farmed salmon and how this in turn may affect the health benefits for consumers. Seierstad and coworkers (2005) performed a study involving farmed Atlantic salmon that were either fed a diet in which 100% of the added oil was fish oil, a diet with 50% fish oil and 50% rapeseed oil (fish oil/rapeseed oil) or a diet with 100% rapeseed oil.…”

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to the safety assessment of wild and farmed fish

“…Patients on high LC n-3 PUFA salmon showed a decrease in serum triglycerides, of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and of interleukin-6. The intervention period was too short to assess other favourable clinical effects (Seierstad et al, 2005).…”