Dietary intake of calcium and magnesium and the metabolic syndrome in the National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES) 2001–2010 data

Abstract

Higher dietary intakes of Mg and Ca, individually, have been associated with a decreased risk for the metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). Experimental studies suggest that a higher intra-cellular ratio of Ca:Mg, which may be induced by a diet high in Ca and low in Mg, may lead to hypertension and insulin resistance. However, no previous epidemiological studies have examined the effects of the combined intake of Mg and Ca on MetSyn. Thus, we evaluated the association between dietary intakes of Ca and Mg (using 24-h recalls), independently and in combination, and MetSyn in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study 2001-2010 data, which included 9148 adults (4549 men and 4599 women), with complete information on relevant nutrient, demographic, anthropometric and biomarker variables. We found an inverse association between the highest (>355 mg/d) v. the lowest (<197 mg/d) quartile of Mg and MetSyn (OR 0·70; 95 % CI 0·57, 0·86). Women who met the RDA for both Mg (310-320 mg/d) and Ca (1000-1200 mg/d) had the greatest reduced odds of MetSyn (OR 0·59; 95 % CI 0·45, 0·76). In men, meeting the RDA for Mg (400-420 mg/d) and Ca (1000-1200 mg/d), individually or in combination, was not associated with MetSyn; however, men with intakes in the highest quartile for Mg (≥386 mg/d) and Ca (≥1224 mg/d) had a lower odds of MetSyn (OR 0·74; 95 % CI 0·59, 0·93). Our results suggest that women who meet the RDA for Mg and Ca have a reduced odds of MetSyn but men may require Ca levels higher than the RDA to be protected against MetSyn.

Higher Levels of Magnesium and Lower Levels of Calcium in Whole Blood Are Positively Correlated with the Metabolic Syndrome in a Chinese Population: A Case-Control Study

“…Choi et al [28] detected hair Ca concentrations in 456 subjects from Korea and found that the hair Ca concentrations were significantly lower in the MetS group than in the control group (non-MetS vs. MetS: 9.366 ± 4.567 vs. 9.259 ± 0.350 mg/dl, p = 0.046). Other literature found similar correlation between Ca intake and MetS [60,62] . A large crosssectional study involving 10,066 adult women found an inverse association between the highest quintile (>1,004 mg/day) and the lowest quintile (<562 mg/day) of Ca intake and MetS [62] .…”

“…The relationships between Ca and MetS found in previous epidemiologic studies have yielded different results [23,28,[60][61][62] . The inverse relationship between MetS and Ca concentrations in the present study was also observed in several previous studies [28,61] .…”

Calcium intake and breast cancer risk: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

“…Much of the evidence indicates that the anti-carcinogenic potential of Ca relies on its interrelation and correlation with vitamin D. However, experimental evidence suggests that an increased level of Ca alone is sufficient to trigger apoptosis (10) . Increased risk of breast cancer has been linked with several chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity and the metabolic syndrome (38)(39)(40)(41) , all of which have been suggested to be inversely associated with Ca intake (42)(43)(44) . Therefore, Ca intake may indirectly be associated with lower breast cancer risk through its association with these disorders.…”

Рекомендації Експертних Груп, Превентивні Комерційні Харчові Раціони З Доведеною Ефективністю Та Нутрієнти, Що Показані Пацієнтам Із гіпертонічною Хворобою Й Ожирінням Високого Кардіоваскулярного Ризику

“…Дієта повинна бути ба-гатою на вітаміни A, C, E, Р, РР, В 2 , В 6 , які чинять гіполіпидемічну, депресорну дію, покращують нир-ковий і коронарний кровообіг, зменшують проник-ність судинної стінки. Слід обмежувати введення вітамінів групи D, які сприяють розвитку атеро-склерозу, і груп нутрієнтів, що мають коагулюючі властивості (містяться у вершках, сметані, верш-ковому маслі), продуктів, багатих на біогенні аміни (сир, оселедець, боби, ананаси, помідори), які збу-джують нервову систему й підсилюють діяльність ОГЛЯД / REVIEW серця (бульйони, підливи, шоколад, гострі закуски, приправи, копченості) [6,13,33,39].…”