Dietary Inflammatory Index and metabolic syndrome in Mexican adult population

Abstract

Background Evidence suggests low-grade inflammation as the cause of metabolic syndrome and suggests diet as a promoter of chronic inflammation. Objective We evaluated the association between inflammatory diets and the development of metabolic syndrome in Mexican adults. Methods A total of 399 participants of the Health Workers Cohort Study were included in this study. The follow-up period was 13 y. Metabolic syndrome definition was the presence of ≥3 of the following components: waist circumference ≥102 cm for males or ≥88 cm for females, blood pressure ≥130 mmHg for systolic or ≥85 mmHg for diastolic, HDL cholesterol <40 mg/dL for males and <50 mg/dL for females; triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL, and glucose ≥100 mg/dL. To evaluate the inflammatory potential of the diet we used the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), which was divided into quartiles. To assess the risk of metabolic syndrome we estimated HRs and 95% CIs using Cox proportional hazards models. Results After adjustment for potential confounders, we found a positive association between participants in the highest quartile (Q) of DII and the incidence of metabolic syndrome (HRQ4vsQ1 = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.03, 3.85; P-trend = 0.04) over a period of 13 y. When we divided the metabolic syndrome by its components, we found that participants in the highest quartile of DII were associated with hypertriglyceridemia (HRQ4vsQ1 = 2.28; 95% CI: 1.13, 4.57; P-trend = 0.01), hypertension (HRQ4vsQ1 = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.03, 4.77; P-trend = 0.032), and abdominal obesity (HRQ4vsQ1 = 2.68; 95% CI: 1.06, 6.79; P-trend = 0.02). Conclusions A highly inflammatory diet is associated with metabolic syndrome, hypertension, abdominal obesity, and hypertriglyceridemia. Further studies are needed to corroborate the role of inflammation and diet in the development of metabolic syndrome; yet, a reduction in dietary components that have been linked to inflammation is desirable.

Dietary Inflammatory Index and Cardiometabolic Risk in Ecuadorian Women

“…The E-DII score range (−4.89 to 4.45) recorded for the Ecuadorian women in the sample was similar to those recorded for other Latin American studies examining the association of E-DII scores with Mets and/or cardiometabolic components in Bogota, Colombia (−3.71 to 3.64) [ 34 ], Cuernavaca and Toluca, Mexico (−4.5 to 3.8) [ 35 ], Mexico City (−5.49 to 4.12 [ 36 ] and Ribeirao Preto, Brazil (−4.69 to 5.28) [ 33 ].…”

“…Cohort and cross-sectional studies investigating the association between energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index E-DII scores with MetS and/or individual cardiometabolic risk biomarkers have reported mixed findings for diverse populations from North America [ 20 , 21 , 22 ], Europe [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ], Asia and the Middle East [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Published studies reporting on association of E-DII scores with MetS and/or cardiometabolic risk components in Latin American adults are limited to three countries, i.e., Brazil [ 33 ], Colombia [ 34 ] and Mexico [ 35 , 36 ] and their findings also are mixed.…”

Pro-Inflammatory Diet Is Associated with Adiposity during Childhood and with Adipokines and Inflammatory Markers at 11 Years in Mexican Children

“…Results for this cytokine remain controversial in children; some studies in non-Hispanic children have also reported no associations [58] while others have reported a significant positive association [59]. Moreover, a recent study in Mexican adults found, over a period of 13 years, a positive association between the highest quartile of DII and the incidence of metabolic syndrome (HRQ4vsQ1 = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.03, 3.85; P-trend = 0.04), particularly associated with hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension and abdominal obesity [60]. Even though in that study cytokines and adipokines were not assessed, it supports the utility and importance of earlier evaluations in childhood to prevent metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.…”

Dietary Inflammatory Index and Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies

“…A population-based multi case–control study in Spain ( 39 ) showed that a one-unit DII score increment is associated with increased colorectal cancer risk. A meta-analysis of prospective studies ( 10 ), including more than 28,000 participants, reported an association between DII and elevated risk of cancer, although the dose–response association requires further investigation. However, the selected meta-analyses examining the above associations have some limitations, such as the substantial heterogeneity, the 95% PI containing the null value, and the presence of small-study effects and excess significance bias.…”

“…Therefore, the DII offers a valid and readily comparable method for evaluating individuals' dietary inflammatory potential according to the pro- and anti-inflammatory aspects of the overall diet ( 7 ). In recent years, the role of DII in relation to non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) ( 8 , 9 ), metabolic syndrome ( 10 ), and various types of cancer ( 11 ), has been examined in the epidemiological literature. According to the consensus, higher DII scores are deleterious to health.…”