Dietary inflammatory index and depression: a meta-analysis

Abstract

ObjectiveThe purpose of the present meta-analysis was to evaluate the association between the inflammatory potential of diet, determined by the dietary inflammatory index (DII®) score, and depression.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.SettingA comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE databases up to August 2018. All observational studies that examined the association of the DII score with depression/depressive symptoms were included.SubjectsFour prospective cohorts and two cross-sectional studies enrolling a total of 49 584 subjects.ResultsOverall, individuals in the highest DII v. the lowest DII category had a 23 % higher risk of depression (risk ratio (RR)=1·23; 95 % CI 1·12, 1·35). When stratified by study design, the pooled RR was 1·25 (95 % CI 1·12, 1·40) for the prospective cohort studies and 1·16 (95 % CI 0·96, 1·41) for the cross-sectional studies. Gender-specific analysis showed that this association was observed in women (RR=1·25; 95 % CI 1·09, 1·42) but was not statistically significant in men (RR=1·15; 95 % CI 0·83, 1·59).ConclusionsThe meta-analysis suggests that pro-inflammatory diet estimated by a higher DII score is independently associated with an increased risk of depression, particularly in women. However, more well-designed studies are needed to evaluate whether an anti-inflammatory diet can reduce the risk of depression.

Dietary Inflammatory Index and Sleep Quality in Southern Italian Adults

“…Similarly, another meta-analysis investigating a posteriori derived dietary patterns showed that a diet characterized by a high intakes of fruit, vegetables, whole grain, fish, olive oil, low-fat dairy, and antioxidants and low intakes of animal-derived foods was apparently associated with a decreased risk of depression; in contrast, a dietary pattern characterized by a high consumption of red and/or processed meat, refined grains, sweets, high-fat dairy products, butter, potatoes, and high-fat gravy, and low intakes of fruits and vegetables was associated with an increased risk of depression [43]. There also is evidence that a pro-inflammatory diet, as indicated by a higher DII score, may be associated with an increased risk of having depressive symptoms [44]. Regarding cognitive disorders, a systematic review exploring their relation with various dietary patterns showed that the Mediterranean diet had the strongest evidence supporting protection against cognitive decline among older adults.…”

Prospective association between ultra-processed food consumption and incident depressive symptoms in the French NutriNet-Santé cohort

“…For instance, in the NutriNet-Santé study, we have observed that several dietary indexes reflecting nutritional recommendations were prospectively and inversely associated with the risk to develop depressive symptoms [8]. On the opposite, a western dietary pattern or pro-inflammatory diet characterized among other things by more processed foods has been associated with poor mental health [5, 6, 9]. Previous studies that reported associations between these diets and depression considered nutritional characteristics of the diet and interaction within the food matrix.…”

Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) and depression and anxiety in the Mashhad Stroke and Heart Atherosclerotic Disorder (MASHAD) Study population

“…The relationships between DII and metabolic syndrome, mortality, cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been studied in several countries [20,[25][26][27][28][29][30]. Interest in the relationship between DII score with depression and anxiety worldwide has resulted in three systematic reviews/ metaanalyses [7,[31][32][33]. Our aim in this study was to quantify the possible inflammatory effects of diet on the occurrence of depression and anxiety in Mashhad, a city in northeastern Iran.…”