Dietary factors and risk of pancreatic cancer: Results of a Canadian population‐based case‐control study

Howe, Geoffrey R.; Jain, Meera; Miller, Anthony B.

doi:10.1002/ijc.2910450405

Cited by 128 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Another case -control study (Bueno de Mesquita et al, 1990) in the Netherlands reported a 60% nonsignificant decrease in risk among men, but not among women. Other studies have detected no statistically significant association with monounsaturated FAs (Howe et al, 1990;Michaud et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Specific fatty acid intake and the risk of pancreatic cancer in Canada

et al. 2005

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The possible association of specific fatty acid (FA) intake and pancreatic cancer risk was investigated in a population-based casecontrol study of 462 histologically confirmed cases and 4721 frequency-matched controls in eight Canadian provinces between 1994 and 1997. Dietary intake was assessed by means of a self-administered food frequency questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression was used to assess associations between dietary FAs and pancreatic cancer risk. After adjustment for age, province, body mass index, smoking, educational attainment, fat and total energy intake, statistically significant inverse associations were observed between pancreatic cancer risk and palmitate (odds ratios (ORs) ¼ 0.73; 95% confidence intervals (CIs) 0.56 -0.96; P-trend ¼ 0.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Specific fatty acid intake and the risk of pancreatic cancer in Canada

et al. 2005

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“…Overall six case -control (Bueno de Mesquita et al, 1990;Howe et al, 1990;Ghadirian et al, 1991;Zatonski et al, 1991;Silverman et al, 1998;Hanley et al, 2001) and eight cohort studies (Friedman and van den Eeden, 1993;Shibata et al, 1994;Gapstur et al, 2000;Michaud et al, 2001;Stolzenberg-Solomon et al, 2002;Calle et al, 2003;Lee et al, 2003) were eligible for inclusion in this metaanalysis. In total, these studies included 6391 cases of pancreatic cancer ( Table 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, ignoring confounding by smoking could make the association between obesity and pancreatic cancer less positive. Only two of the studies that were included in this meta-analysis had not adjusted the risk estimates for smoking (Howe et al, 1990;Zatonski et al, 1991). When these studies and the cohort study of smokers (Stolzenberg-Solomon et al, 2002) were excluded, the summary relative risk per unit increase in body mass index was slightly higher (1.03).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…A sensitivity analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of the choice of boundaries on the slope estimates. Two case -control studies (Howe et al, 1990;Zatonski et al, 1991) only published mean values for body mass index for cases and controls. Approximate slope estimates were calculated for these studies using the method described by Greenland (1987).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A meta-analysis of obesity and the risk of pancreatic cancer

2003

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Smoking and diabetes are the only established risk factors for pancreatic cancer. Findings from recent studies suggest that obesity may also be associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer, but several earlier studies were less conclusive. We examined this relationship in a meta-analysis of published data. Six case -control and eight cohort studies involving 6391 cases of pancreatic cancer were identified from a computer-based literature search from 1966 to 2003. The relative risk per unit increase in body mass index was estimated for each of the studies from the published data. In a random effects model, the summary relative risk per unit increase in body mass index was 1.02 (95% CI: 1.01 -1.03). There was some evidence of heterogeneity between the studies' results (P ¼ 0.1). The summary relative risk estimates were slightly higher for studies that had adjusted for smoking and for case -control studies that had not used proxy respondents. The estimated per unit increase in body mass index would translate into a relative risk of 1.19 (95% CI: 1.10 -1.29) for obese people (30 kg m À2 ) compared to people with a normal body weight (22 kg m À2 ). These results provide evidence that the risk of pancreatic cancer may be weakly associated with obesity. However, the small magnitude of the summary risk means the possibility of confounding cannot be excluded. British Journal of Cancer (2003) Pancreatic cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer mortality in the European Union and North America and is responsible for approximately 70 000 deaths in these regions annually (Ferlay et al, 2001). Smoking and diabetes are the only well-established risk factors for this invariably fatal disease (Gapstur and Gann, 2001). Smoking, however, is thought to account for at most 20 -40% of pancreatic cancer cases (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1990). The findings from several large US cohort studies suggest that obesity (defined as body mass index of at least 30 kg m À2 ) may also be a risk factor for pancreatic cancer (Michaud et al, 2001;Calle et al, 2003). The results of several earlier observational studies were less conclusive. The aim of this meta-analysis was to examine the relationship between pancreatic cancer and body mass index in relevant published epidemiological studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data sourcesEpidemiological studies were identified through searches of the electronic databases MEDLINE (1966MEDLINE ( -2003, EMBASE (1980EMBASE ( -2003 and the Science Citation Index (1981 -2003) and also from citations in the selected papers and review articles. The key words that were used for the search were pancreatic cancer, obesity, body mass index, anthropometric factors and risk factors. The search was limited to human studies and restricted to peer-reviewed articles. No language or date limitations were imposed. Study selectionEach study was required to have published information on the number of study participants and on age-adjusted or age-matched relative risks (or odds ratios, subsequen...

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“…3,6,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19] In a recent Expert Panel Report, it was concluded that there is limited evidence suggesting that red meat is a cause of pancreatic cancer in humans.…”

Section: -5mentioning

confidence: 99%

Meat and fat intake and pancreatic cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study

Heinen

Verhage

Goldbohm³

et al. 2009

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Meat contains numerous carcinogens, such as heterocyclic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and N-nitroso compounds, which can be derived either from natural food or during the process of food preparation. These carcinogens may increase pancreatic cancer risk. Furthermore, studies in animals showed that polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid, increase pancreatic cancer risk. We examined prospectively the relation between pancreatic cancer risk and intake of fresh meat, processed meat, fish, eggs, total fat, and different types of fat. The Netherlands Cohort Study consisted of 120,852 men and women who completed a baseline questionnaire in 1986. After 13.3 years of follow-up, 350 pancreatic cancer cases (66% microscopically confirmed) were available for analysis. A validated 150-item foodfrequency questionnaire was used to calculate intake of fresh meat, processed meat, fish, eggs, fat and different types of fat. No association was found when examining the association between intake of fresh meat, other types of meat, fish, eggs, dietary intake of total fat and different types of fat and risk of pancreatic cancer. It is important for future studies to investigate the relation between different meat-cooking methods and pancreatic cancer. ' UICCKey words: pancreatic cancer; meat; dietary fat; cohort study; microscopic confirmation Pancreatic cancer is among the most rapidly fatal cancers worldwide, with a 5-year survival rate of 6% or less.1,2 Since there is no effective way to screen for this malignancy, prevention could have a major impact on pancreatic cancer mortality. So far, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, and body fatness are identified as risk factors. 3-5Based on ecological studies, international variation in incidence rates of pancreatic cancer suggested that per capita intakes of animal protein, fat, and eggs were positively related to this type of cancer.6,7 Since then, numerous epidemiological studies have investigated the relation between meat, eggs, and different types of fat and pancreatic cancer, including 15 prospective cohort studies 3,6,[8][9][10][11][12] and 31 case-control studies. 3,6,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19] In a recent Expert Panel Report, it was concluded that there is limited evidence suggesting that red meat is a cause of pancreatic cancer in humans.3 Data on processed meat, chicken, fish, eggs, dietary fat, and specific fatty acids were either of too low quality, too inconsistent, or the number of studies too few to allow conclusions to be reached.Meat contains numerous carcinogens, such as heterocyclic amines (HCAs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and N-nitroso compounds, which can be derived either from natural food or during the process of food preparation. These carcinogens may increase pancreatic cancer risk. 3,20,21 Regarding dietary fat, studies in animals showed that diets high in fat increased the risk of pancreatic cancer compared to low-fat diets, 22 and suggested that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially linoleic acid (LA...

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Dietary factors and risk of pancreatic cancer: Results of a Canadian population‐based case‐control study

Cited by 128 publications

References 24 publications

Specific fatty acid intake and the risk of pancreatic cancer in Canada

Specific fatty acid intake and the risk of pancreatic cancer in Canada

A meta-analysis of obesity and the risk of pancreatic cancer

Meat and fat intake and pancreatic cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study

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