Epidemiologic studies of pancreatic cancer risk have reported null or nonsignificant positive associations for obesity, while associations for height have been null. Waist and hip circumference have been evaluated infrequently. A pooled analysis of 14 cohort studies on 846,340 individuals was conducted; 2,135 individuals were diagnosed with pancreatic cancer during follow-up. Study-specific relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by Cox proportional hazards models, and then pooled using a random effects model. Compared to individuals with a body mass index (BMI) at baseline between 21-22.9 kg/m 2 , pancreatic cancer risk was 47% higher (95%CI:23-75%) among obese (BMI 30 kg/m 2 ) individuals. A positive association was observed for BMI in early adulthood (pooled multivariate [MV]RR 5 1.30, 95%CI 5 1.09-1.56 comparing BMI 25 kg/m 2 to a BMI between 21 and 22.9 kg/m 2 ). Compared to individuals who were not overweight in early adulthood (BMI < 25 kg/m 2 ) and not obese at baseline (BMI < 30 kg/m 2 ), pancreatic cancer risk was 54% higher (95%CI 5 24-93%) for those who were overweight in early adulthood and obese at baseline. We observed a 40% higher risk among individuals who had gained BMI 10 kg/m 2 between BMI at baseline and younger ages compared to individuals whose BMI remained stable. Results were either similar or slightly stronger among never smokers. A positive association was observed between waist to hip ratio (WHR) and pancreatic cancer risk (pooled MVRR 5 1.35 comparing the highest versus lowest quartile, 95%CI 5 1.03-1.78). BMI and WHR were positively associated with pancreatic cancer risk. Maintaining normal body weight may offer a feasible approach to reducing morbidity and mortality from pancreatic cancer.

Background: Few risk factors have been implicated in pancreatic cancer etiology. Alcohol has been theorized to promote carcinogenesis. However, epidemiologic studies have reported inconsistent results relating alcohol intake to pancreatic cancer risk. Methods: We conducted a pooled analysis of the primary data from 14 prospective cohort studies. The study sample consisted of 862,664 individuals among whom 2,187 incident pancreatic cancer cases were identified. Study-specific relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models and then pooled using a random effects model. Results: A slight positive association with pancreatic cancer risk was observed for alcohol intake (pooled multivariate relative risk, 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.45 comparing z30 to 0 grams/day of alcohol; P value, test for between-studies heterogeneity = 0.80).

Meat contains numerous carcinogens, such as heterocyclic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and N-nitroso compounds, which can be derived either from natural food or during the process of food preparation. These carcinogens may increase pancreatic cancer risk. Furthermore, studies in animals showed that polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid, increase pancreatic cancer risk. We examined prospectively the relation between pancreatic cancer risk and intake of fresh meat, processed meat, fish, eggs, total fat, and different types of fat. The Netherlands Cohort Study consisted of 120,852 men and women who completed a baseline questionnaire in 1986. After 13.3 years of follow-up, 350 pancreatic cancer cases (66% microscopically confirmed) were available for analysis. A validated 150-item foodfrequency questionnaire was used to calculate intake of fresh meat, processed meat, fish, eggs, fat and different types of fat. No association was found when examining the association between intake of fresh meat, other types of meat, fish, eggs, dietary intake of total fat and different types of fat and risk of pancreatic cancer. It is important for future studies to investigate the relation between different meat-cooking methods and pancreatic cancer. ' UICCKey words: pancreatic cancer; meat; dietary fat; cohort study; microscopic confirmation Pancreatic cancer is among the most rapidly fatal cancers worldwide, with a 5-year survival rate of 6% or less.1,2 Since there is no effective way to screen for this malignancy, prevention could have a major impact on pancreatic cancer mortality. So far, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, and body fatness are identified as risk factors. 3-5Based on ecological studies, international variation in incidence rates of pancreatic cancer suggested that per capita intakes of animal protein, fat, and eggs were positively related to this type of cancer.6,7 Since then, numerous epidemiological studies have investigated the relation between meat, eggs, and different types of fat and pancreatic cancer, including 15 prospective cohort studies 3,6,[8][9][10][11][12] and 31 case-control studies. 3,6,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19] In a recent Expert Panel Report, it was concluded that there is limited evidence suggesting that red meat is a cause of pancreatic cancer in humans.3 Data on processed meat, chicken, fish, eggs, dietary fat, and specific fatty acids were either of too low quality, too inconsistent, or the number of studies too few to allow conclusions to be reached.Meat contains numerous carcinogens, such as heterocyclic amines (HCAs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and N-nitroso compounds, which can be derived either from natural food or during the process of food preparation. These carcinogens may increase pancreatic cancer risk. 3,20,21 Regarding dietary fat, studies in animals showed that diets high in fat increased the risk of pancreatic cancer compared to low-fat diets, 22 and suggested that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially linoleic acid (LA...

In a cohort study, ovarian cancer (280 cases) showed no significant association with tea or coffee, the multivariable rate ratios being 0.94 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.89, 1.00) and 1.04 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.12) per cup per day, respectively. A meta-analysis also produced no significant findings overall, though the cohort studies showed a significant inverse association for tea. British Journal of Cancer (2007) Tea and coffee are widely consumed around the world and may affect human health. Several case-control and cohort studies have analysed the relationship with ovarian cancer risk, yielding inconclusive results. We analysed the association between tea, coffee and ovarian cancer in a prospective cohort study and summarised results of previous studies in a meta-analysis.

Abbreviations: 24HR, 24-hour diet recalls; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; HR, hazard ratio; ICD-O, International